Reducing provider workload while preserving patient safety via a two-way texting intervention in Zimbabwe's voluntary medical male circumcision program: study protocol for an un-blinded, prospective, non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial

Caryl Feldacker, Vernon Murenje, Scott Barnhart, Sinokuthemba Xaba, Batsirai Makunike-Chikwinya, Isaac Holeman, Mufuta Tshimanga, Caryl Feldacker, Vernon Murenje, Scott Barnhart, Sinokuthemba Xaba, Batsirai Makunike-Chikwinya, Isaac Holeman, Mufuta Tshimanga

Abstract

Background: Surgical male circumcision (MC) safely reduces risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission by up to 60%. The average rate of global moderate and severe adverse events (AEs) is 0.8%: 99% of men heal from MC without incident. To reach the 2016 global MC target of 20 million, productivity must double in countries plagued by severe healthcare worker shortages like Zimbabwe. The ZAZIC consortium partners with the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care and has performed over 120,000 MCs. MC care in Zimbabwe requires in-person, follow-up visits at post-operative days 2,7, and 42. The ZAZIC program AE rate is 0.4%; therefore, overstretched clinic have staff conducted more than 200,000 unnecessary reviews of MC clients without complications.

Methods: Through an un-blinded, prospective, randomized, controlled trial in two high-volume MC facilities, we will compare two groups of adult MC clients with cell phones, randomized 1:1 into two groups: (1) routine care (control group, N = 361) and (2) clients who receive and respond to a daily text with in-person follow up only if desired or if a complication is suspected (intervention group, N = 361). If an intervention client responds affirmatively to any automated daily text with a suspected AE, an MC nurse will exchange manual, modifiable, scripted texts with the client to determine symptoms and severity, requesting an in-person visit if desired or warranted. Both arms will complete a study-specific, day 14, in-person, follow-up review for verification of self-reports (intervention) and comparison (control). Data collection includes extraction of routine client MC records, study-specific database reports, and participant usability surveys. Intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis will be used to explore differences between groups to determine if two-way texting (2wT) can safely reduce MC follow-up visits, estimate the cost savings associated with 2wT over routine MC follow up, and assess the acceptability and feasibility of 2wT for scale up.

Discussion: It is expected that this mobile health intervention will be as safe as routine care while providing distinct advantages in efficiency, costs, and reduced healthcare worker burden. The success of this intervention could lead to adaptation and adoption of this intervention at the national level, increasing the efficiency of MC scale up, and reducing burdens on providers and patients.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03119337 . Registered on 18 April 2017.

Keywords: Healthcare delivery innovations; Mobile health; Post-operative follow-up; Voluntary medical male circumcision; Zimbabwe.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Two-way texting (2wT) nurse/patient interaction flow diagram. VMMC, voluntary medical male circumcision; AE, adverse event
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Study implementation timeline. 2wT, two-way texting; KIIs, key informant interviews

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