Brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in major psychiatric disorders: From basics to clinical practice

Amburanjan Santra, Rakesh Kumar, Amburanjan Santra, Rakesh Kumar

Abstract

Brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a well-established and reliable method to assess brain function through measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). It can be used to define a patient's pathophysiological status when neurological or psychiatric symptoms cannot be explained by anatomical neuroimaging findings. Though there is ample evidence validating brain SPECT as a technique to track human behavior and correlating psychiatric disorders with dysfunction of specific brain regions, only few psychiatrists have adopted brain SPECT in routine clinical practice. It can be utilized to evaluate the involvement of brain regions in a particular patient, to individualize treatment on basis of SPECT findings, to monitor the treatment response and modify treatment, if necessary. In this article, we have reviewed the available studies in this regard from existing literature and tried to present the evidence for establishing the clinical role of brain SPECT in major psychiatric illnesses.

Keywords: Brain perfusion; psychiatric disorders; regional cerebral blood flow; single photon emission computed tomography.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) images of a 17 year old attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient, showing hypoperfusion in bilateral frontal cortices and bilateral medial temporal lobes. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view of the SPECT-CT, (d) right lateral, (e) left lateral surface projection views of “Neurogam” processed (compared with normal population adult database) images with color scale below (d and e)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in a 40-year-old male patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder revealed hypoperfusion in bilateral prefrontal cortices, with right temporal and occipital lobe. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view of the SPECT images
Figure 3
Figure 3
A 45-year-old female with paranoid schizophrenia on antipsychotic treatment have bilateral frontal, and temporal hypoperfusion in technetium-99mhexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography images. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view
Figure 4
Figure 4
A 26-year-old male with disorganized schizophrenia was under treatment for last 1-year, showing global cortical hypoperfusion with relative increase in basal ganglia and cerebellar activity in technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography images. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view
Figure 5
Figure 5
A 62-year-old female with severe depression, showing severe bilateral hypofrontality in technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). (a) Transaxial and (b) saggital view brain SPECT of the patient
Figure 6
Figure 6
An 18-year-old male with severe anxiety neurosis revealed hyperactive prefrontal cortices and basal ganglia in technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography images. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) right lateral view of three-dimensional Talairach cortical perfusion report, (d) extracted basal ganglia and thalamus by “Neurogam” processing, (e) color scale for (c and d)
Figure 7
Figure 7
A 19-year-old female with multiple substance abuse disorder (predominantly alcohol and organic solvent) with induced-withdrawal behavioral problem showing diffuse cortical hypoperfusion on both side of cerebral cortex. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view of technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain single photon emission computed tomography, (d) right lateral, (e) left lateral surface projection views of “Neurogam” processed (compared with normal population adult database) images with color scale below (d and e)
Figure 8
Figure 8
A 41-year-old male with multiple substance abuse disorder with significant decline in social and occupational performance showing severely decreased cortical perfusion globally. (a) Transverse view, (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view of technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime brain single photon emission computed tomography

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