The effects PCSO-524®, a patented marine oil lipid and omega-3 PUFA blend derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation after muscle damaging exercise in untrained men: a randomized, placebo controlled trial

Timothy D Mickleborough, Jacob A Sinex, David Platt, Robert F Chapman, Molly Hirt, Timothy D Mickleborough, Jacob A Sinex, David Platt, Robert F Chapman, Molly Hirt

Abstract

Background: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PCSO-524®, a marine oil lipid and n-3 LC PUFA blend, derived from New Zealand green- lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on markers of muscle damage and inflammation following muscle damaging exercise in untrained men.

Methods: Thirty two untrained male subjects were randomly assigned to consume 1200 mg/d of PCSO- 524® (a green-lipped mussel oil blend) or placebo for 26 d prior to muscle damaging exercise (downhill running), and continued for 96 h following the muscle damaging exercise bout. Blood markers of muscle damage (skeletal muscle slow troponin I, sTnI; myoglobin, Mb; creatine kinase, CK), and inflammation (tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α), and functional measures of muscle damage (delayed onset muscle soreness, DOMS; pressure pain threshold, PPT; knee extensor joint range of motion, ROM; isometric torque, MVC) were assessed pre- supplementation (baseline), and multiple time points post-supplementation (before and after muscle damaging exercise). At baseline and 24 h following muscle damaging exercise peripheral fatigue was assessed via changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force (∆Qtw,pot) from pre- to post-exhaustive cycling ergometer test in response to supra-maximal femoral nerve stimulation.

Results: Compared to placebo, supplementation with the green-lipped mussel oil blend significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) sTnI and TNF-α at 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h., Mb at 24, 48, 72, 96 h., and CK-MM at all-time points following muscle damaging exercise, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) DOMS at 72 and 96 h post-muscle damaging exercise, and resulted in significantly less strength loss (MVC) and provided a protective effect against joint ROM loss at 96 h post- muscle damaging exercise. At 24 h after muscle damaging exercise perceived pain was significantly greater (p < 0.05) compared to baseline in the placebo group only. Following muscle damaging exercise ∆Qtw,pot was significantly less (p < 0.05) on the green-lipped mussel oil blend compared to placebo.

Conclusion: Supplementation with a marine oil lipid and n-3 LC PUFA blend (PCSO-524®), derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel, may represent a useful therapeutic agent for attenuating muscle damage and inflammation following muscle damaging exercise.

Keywords: DOMS; Eccentric; Green-lipped mussel oil blend; Muscle damage; Omega-3 fatty acids.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of supplementation on mean serum skeletal muscle slow troponin I concentration (ng/ml) pre- and post-eccentric exercise. *, designates a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between groups at distinct time points. #, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to baseline (BSLN; pre-supplementation before eccentric exercise).ψ, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) from previous time point within group. IM-PRE, immediately prior to eccentric exercise (post-supplementation). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of supplementation on mean serum creatine kinase-MM concentration(ng/ml)pre-and post-eccentric exercise. *, designates a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between groups at distinct time points. #, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to baseline (BSLN; pre-supplementation before eccentric exercise).ψ, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) from previous time point within group. IM-PRE, immediately prior to eccentric exercise (post-supplementation). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of supplementation on mean serum myoglobin concentration(ng/ml) pre- and post-eccentric exercise. *, designates a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between groups at distinct time points. #, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to baseline (BSLN; pre-supplementation before eccentric exercise).ψ, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) from previous time point within group. IM-PRE, immediately prior to eccentric exercise (post-supplementation). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of supplementation on mean serum tumor-necrosis factor-α concentration(pg/ml)pre- and post-eccentric exercise. *, designates a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between groups at distinct time points. #, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to baseline (BSLN; pre-supplementation before eccentric exercise).ψ, designates a significant difference (p < 0.05) from previous time point within group. IM-PRE, immediately prior to eccentric exercise (post-supplementation). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.

References

    1. Howatson G, van Someren KA. The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 2008;38(6):483–503. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838060-00004.
    1. Warren GL, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB. Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury. Sports Med. 1999;27(1):43–59. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199927010-00004.
    1. Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med. 2003;33(2):145–64. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005.
    1. Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake JM, et al. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004;10:75–90.
    1. Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(11 Suppl):S52–69. doi: 10.1097/00002060-200211001-00007.
    1. Lewis PB, Ruby D, Bush-Joseph CA. Muscle soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin Sports Med. 2012;31(2):255–62. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.009.
    1. Mikkelsen UR, Langberg H, Helmark IC, Skovgaard D, Andersen LL, Kjaer M, et al. Local NSAID infusion inhibits satellite cell proliferation in human skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(5):1600–11. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2009.
    1. Trappe TA, White F, Lambert CP, Cesar D, Hellerstein M, Evans WJ. Effect of ibuprofen and acetaminophen on postexercise muscle protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282(3):E551–6.
    1. Connolly DA, McHugh MP, Padilla-Zakour OI, Carlson L, Sayers SP. Efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in preventing the symptoms of muscle damage. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(8):679–83. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.025429.
    1. Drobnic F, Riera J, Appendino G, Togni S, Franceschi F, Valle X, et al. Reduction of delayed onset muscle soreness by a novel curcumin delivery system (Meriva(R)): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11:31. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-31.
    1. O'Fallon KS, Kaushik D, Michniak-Kohn B, Dunne CP, Zambraski EJ, Clarkson PM. Effects of quercetin supplementation on markers of muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(6):430–7.
    1. Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(5):349–61. doi: 10.1038/nri2294.
    1. Mickleborough TD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in physical performance optimization. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol. 2012;23(1):83–96.
    1. Gray P, Chappell A, Jenkinson AM, Thies F, Gray SR. Fish oil supplementation reduces markers of oxidative stress but not muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24(2):206–14. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0081.
    1. Jouris KB, McDaniel JL, Weiss EP. The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplemntation on the inflammatory response to eccentric strength exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10:432–8.
    1. Phillips T, Childs AC, Dreon DM, Phinney S, Leeuwenburgh C. A dietary supplement attenuates IL-6 and CRP after eccentric exercise in untrained males. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(12):2032–7. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000099112.32342.10.
    1. Rajabi A, Lotfi N, Abdolmaleki A, Rashid-Amiri S. The effects of omega-3 intake on delayed onset muscle soreness in non-athletic men. Pedagogies, Psychology, Medical- Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sport. 2013;1:91–5.
    1. Santos EP, Silva AS, Costa MJC, Moura Junior JS, Quirino ELO, Franca GAM, et al. Omega-3 supplementation attenuates the production of c-reactive protein in military personnel during 5 days of intense phsyical stress and nutritional restriction. Biol Sport. 2012;29:93–9. doi: 10.5604/20831862.988970.
    1. Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(2):115–9. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31819b51b3.
    1. Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation attenuates inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(2):131–7. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31820f8c2f.
    1. Lenn J, Uhl T, Mattacola C, Boissonneault G, Yates J, Ibrahim W, et al. The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(10):1605–13. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200210000-00012.
    1. Doggrell SA. Lyprinol - is It a useful anti-inflammatory agent? eCAM. 2011;Article ID 307121:1–8.
    1. Wolyniak CJ, Brenna JT, Murphy KJ, Sinclair AJ. Gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometric fatty acid analysis of a commercial supercritical carbon dioxide lipid extract from New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) Lipids. 2005;40(4):355–60. doi: 10.1007/s11745-006-1394-0.
    1. Miller MR, Pearce L, Bettjeman BI. Detailed distribution of lipids in Greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus) Nutrients. 2014;6(4):1454–74. doi: 10.3390/nu6041454.
    1. Wakimoto T, Kondo H, Nii H, Kimura K, Egami Y, Oka Y, et al. Furan fatty acid as an anti-inflammatory component from the green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(42):17533–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1110577108.
    1. Whitehouse MW, Macrides TA, Kalafatis N, Betts WH, Haynes DR, Broadbent J. Anti- inflammatory activity of a lipid fraction (lyprinol) from the NZ green-lipped mussel. Inflammopharmacology. 1997;5(3):237–46. doi: 10.1007/s10787-997-0002-0.
    1. Mickleborough TD, Vaughn CL, Shei R-J, Davis EM, Wilhite DP. Marine lipid fraction PCSO-524 (lyprinol/omega XL) of the New Zealand green lipped mussel attenuates hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Respir Med. 2013;197:1152–63. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.010.
    1. Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson PD. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
    1. Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A, Gebert W, Rama D, Calzolari C, et al. Skeletal troponin I as a marker of exercise-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83(4):1076–82.
    1. Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A, Pelsers MM, Puschendorf B, Glatz JF. Early assessment of exercise induced skeletal muscle injury using plasma fatty acid binding protein. Br J Sports Med. 1998;32(2):121–4. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.32.2.121.
    1. Baum K, Telford RD, Cunningham RB. Marine oil dietary supplementation reduces delayed onest muscle soreness after a 30 km run. Open Access J Sports Med. 2013;4:109–15. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S41706.
    1. Pumpa KL, Fallon KE, Bensoussan A, Papalia S. The effects of Lyprinol((R)) on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage in well trained athletes: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2011;19(6):311–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2011.08.004.
    1. Duke JW, Stickford JL, Weavil JC, Chapman RF, Stager JM, Mickleborough TD. Operating lung volumes are affected by exercise mode but not trunk and hip angle during maximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(11):2387–97. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2956-0.
    1. Eston RG, Mickleborough J, Baltzopoulos V. Eccentric activation and muscle damage: biomechanical and physiological considerations during downhill running. Br J Sports Med. 1995;29(2):89–94. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.29.2.89.
    1. Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(5):512–20.
    1. Watkins MA, Riddle DL, Lamb RL, Personius WJ. Reliability of goniometric measurements and visual estimates of knee range of motion obtained in a clinical setting. Phys Ther. 1991;71(2):90–6.
    1. Nunan D, Howatson G, van Someren KA. Exercise-induced muscle damage is not attenuated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid supplementation. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(2):531–7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c4d370.
    1. Amann M, Dempsey JA. Locomotor muscle fatigue modifies central motor drive in healthy humans and imposes a limitation to exercise performance. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):161–73. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141838.
    1. Polkey MI, Kyroussis D, Hamnegard CH, Mills GH, Green M, Moxham J. Quadriceps strength and fatigue assessed by magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve in man. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19(5):549–55. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199605)19:5<549::AID-MUS1>;2-B.
    1. Amann M, Eldridge MW, Lovering AT, Stickland MK, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA. Arterial oxygenation influences central motor output and exercise performance via effects on peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue in humans. J Physiol. 2006;575(Pt 3):937–52. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113936.
    1. Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Bain C, Witschi J, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122(1):51–65.
    1. von Schacky C, Kemper M, Haslbauer R, Halle M. Low omega-3 index in 106 german elite winter endurance athletes: a pilot study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24(5):559–64. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0041.
    1. Lembke P, Capodice J, Hebert K, Swenson T. Influence of omega-3 (n3) index on performance and wellbeing in young adults after heavy eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(1):151–6.
    1. Warren GL, Lowe DA, Hayes DA, Karwoski CJ, Prior BM, Armstrong RB. Excitation failure in eccentric contraction-induced injury of mouse soleus muscle. J Physiol. 1993;468:487–99. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019783.
    1. McKune AJ, Semple SJ, Peters-Futre EM. Acute exercise-induced muscle injury. Biol Sport. 2012;29:3–10. doi: 10.5604/20831862.978976.
    1. Lieber RL, Friden J. Mechanisms of muscle injury after eccentric contraction. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2(3):253–65. doi: 10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80177-7.
    1. Rodenburg JB, de Boer RW, Schiereck P, van Echteld CJ, Bar PR. Changes in phosphorus compounds and water content in skeletal muscle due to eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;68(3):205–13. doi: 10.1007/BF00376768.
    1. Yu JG, Liu JX, Carlsson L, Thornell LE, Stal PS. Re-evaluation of sarcolemma injury and muscle swelling in human skeletal muscles after eccentric exercise. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062056.
    1. Kufel TJ, Pineda LA, Mador MJ. Comparison of potentiated and unpotentiated twitches as an index of muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(3):438–44. doi: 10.1002/mus.10047.
    1. Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Dietary fish oil reduces skeletal muscle oxygen consumption, provides fatigue resistance and improves contractile recovery in the rat in vivo hindlimb. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(12):1771–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510002928.
    1. Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Long-chain n-3 DHA reduces the extent of skeletal muscle fatigue in the rat in vivo hindlimb model. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(6):996–1003. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513003449.
    1. Malm C, Yu JG. Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation: re-evaluation by proteomics. Histochem Cell Biol. 2012;138(1):89–99. doi: 10.1007/s00418-012-0946-z.
    1. Sorichter S, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Skeletal muscle injury induced by eccentric muscle action: muscle proteins as markers of muscle fiber injury. Exerc Immunol Rev. 1999;5:5–21.
    1. Willoughby DS, McFarlin B, Bois C. Interleukin-6 expression after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2003;24(1):15–21. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-37197.
    1. Van der Meulen JH, Kuipers H, Drukker J. Relationship between exercise-induced muscle damage and enzyme release in rats. J Appl Physiol. 1991;71(3):999–1004.
    1. Dinarello CA. Role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during inflammation: experimental and clinical findings. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1997;11(3):91–103.
    1. Collins RA, Grounds MD. The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in skeletal muscle regeneration. Studies in TNF-alpha(−/−) and TNF-alpha(−/−)/LT-alpha(−/−) mice. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49(8):989–1001. doi: 10.1177/002215540104900807.
    1. Li YP. TNF-alpha is a mitogen in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003;285(2):C370–6. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00453.2002.
    1. Radak Z, Pucsok J, Mecseki S, Csont T, Ferdinandy P. Muscle soreness-induced reduction in force generation is accompanied by increased nitric oxide content and DNA damage in human skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(7–8):1059–63. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00309-8.
    1. Umegaki K, Daohua P, Sugisawa A, Kimura M, Higuchi M. Influence of one bout of vigorous exercise on ascorbic acid in plasma and oxidative damage to DNA in blood cells and muscle in untrained rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2000;11(7–8):401–7. doi: 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00096-6.
    1. Sacheck JM, Milbury PE, Cannon JG, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. Effect of vitamin E and eccentric exercise on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in young and elderly men. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;34(12):1575–88. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00187-4.
    1. Urso ML. Anti-inflammatory interventions and skeletal muscle injury: benefit or detriment? J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(6):920–8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00036.2013.
    1. Tenikoff D, Murphy KJ, Le M, Howe PR, Howarth GS. Lyprinol (stabilised lipid extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel): a potential preventative treatment modality for inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(4):361–5. doi: 10.1007/s00535-005-1551-x.
    1. Lemke RA, Peterson AC, Ziegelhoffer EC, Westphall MS, Tjellstrom H, Coon JJ, et al. Synthesis and scavenging role of furan fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(33):E3450–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1405520111.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors en medewerkers

Medische omstandigheden

Geneesmiddelinterventies

3
Abonneren