The infant microbiome development: mom matters

Abstract

The infant microbiome plays an essential role in human health and its assembly is determined by maternal-offspring exchanges of microbiota. This process is affected by several practices, including Cesarean section (C-section), perinatal antibiotics, and formula feeding, that have been linked to increased risks of metabolic and immune diseases. Here we review recent knowledge about the impacts on infant microbiome assembly, discuss preventive and restorative strategies to ameliorate the effects of these impacts, and highlight where research is needed to advance this field and improve the health of future generations.

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Cesarean section (C-section) rates in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. C-sections per 100 live births for years 1990, 2000, and 2009 (as available). C-section rates have been rising dramatically, particularly in countries with already high rates, whereas Northern European states with effective health systems maintain relatively low C-section rates [OECD Health Data (2011) Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932524906)].