Beta-Band Functional Connectivity is Reorganized in Mild Cognitive Impairment after Combined Computerized Physical and Cognitive Training

Manousos A Klados, Charis Styliadis, Christos A Frantzidis, Evangelos Paraskevopoulos, Panagiotis D Bamidis, Manousos A Klados, Charis Styliadis, Christos A Frantzidis, Evangelos Paraskevopoulos, Panagiotis D Bamidis

Abstract

Physical and cognitive idleness constitute significant risk factors for the clinical manifestation of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, a physically and cognitively active lifestyle may restructure age-declined neuronal networks enhancing neuroplasticity. The present study, investigated the changes of brain's functional network in a group of elderly individuals at risk for dementia that were induced by a combined cognitive and physical intervention scheme. Fifty seniors meeting Petersen's criteria of Mild Cognitive Impairment were equally divided into an experimental (LLM), and an active control (AC) group. Resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured before and after the intervention. Functional networks were estimated by computing the magnitude square coherence between the time series of all available cortical sources as computed by standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). A statistical model was used to form groups' characteristic weighted graphs. The introduced modulation was assessed by networks' density and nodes' strength. Results focused on the beta band (12-30 Hz) in which the difference of the two networks' density is maximum, indicating that the structure of the LLM cortical network changes significantly due to the intervention, in contrast to the network of AC. The node strength of LLM participants in the beta band presents a higher number of bilateral connections in the occipital, parietal, temporal and prefrontal regions after the intervention. Our results show that the combined training scheme reorganizes the beta-band functional connectivity of MCI patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02313935 https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT02313935.

Keywords: aging; brain plasticity; cognitive training; electroencephalography; graph theory; mild cognitive impairment; physical exercise; resting states.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
This figure is a graphical illustration for the extraction of groups' characteristic networks. For each group and for each frequency band, N (N = Number of subjects) functional connectivity matrices were obtained for PRE and POST conditions. The values from each (i, j) cell were obtained forming a variable with N values for PRE condition and a variable also with N values for POST condition. These two variables where compared using a t-test and if their difference is statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), after the FDR correction, the (i, j) cell of the characteristic network is equal to the (1–p) value, while in the opposite case equals to zero.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cortex plots illustrate the characteristic networks for both groups and for each frequency band. Each edge represents the inversed p-value, extracted by the t-test comparison between PRE and POST conditions and corrected using FDR. The LLM group shows stronger effect in the beta-band's network, while AC affects only delta and theta networks. This result is produced by one node in the left fronto-temporal area, which seems to be connected mostly with long distance nodes. Long distance couplings, especially in low frequencies, are probably due to low frequency signaling and not due to synchronous activity, so this effect cannot be interpreted as a solid one.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The line plot illustrates the density of the characteristic networks in all frequency bands. The highest difference between LLM and AC groups is observed for beta brainwaves. The axial and sagittal views of the LLM's characteristic network reveal its topology. LLM alters beta rhythm, while other bands remain almost intact.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Central cortex depicts the nodes' strength with green circles, where the size of each circle is in line with each node's strength. Only nodes with z score higher than 3 are presented. The small cortices indicate the connectivity vector of each node, representing their interconnectivity to the cortex. The robustness of each node's connectivity ranges from minimum (blue areas) to maximum (red areas).

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Source: PubMed

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