Pain-Related Self-Efficacy in Individuals With Chronic Neck Pain

Pain-Self-Efficacy Questionnaire(PSEQ)

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire is composed of 10 items assessing the patient's self-efficacy beliefs on performing a range of life activities taking pain into consideration. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = not at all confident to 6 = completely confident. The maximum possible score is 60. A high Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire score indicates a high level of belief in one's self-efficacy in performing life activities despite experiencing pain.

Time Up and Go(TUG)

Patients were required to stand up from a chair with armrests, walk 3 meters, turn around, return to the chair and sit down as fast as possible. The time taken to complete this task was recorded in seconds with a stopwatch. Three trials were recorded per patient and the mean time to perform the task was calculated for each patient. The mean time interval between each trial was 1 minute.

Berg Balance Scale(BBS)

The BBS26 is a functional balance measurement and consists of 14 items. Each item is a 5-point ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating an inability to complete the task entirely and 4 indicating an ability to complete the task criterion. Scores can range from 0 to 56. The higher the score, the better the balance.

International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ)

The IPAQ is used to assess habitual physical activitiy during the past 7 days. The IPAQ used in the present study is the long version which covers four domains of physical activity: occupational (7 items), transportation (6 items), household/gardening (6 items) and leisure-time activities (6 items). The questionnaire also includes two questions about the time spent on sitting as an indicator of sedentary behavior. The number of days per week and the time spent on walking per day as well as moderate and vigorous activities from all four domains are recorded. The IPAQ data were converted to metabolic equivalent scores (MET-min-week-1) for each type of activity, by multiplying the number of minutes dedicated to each activity class by the specific MET score for that activity. Physical activity levels were also classified into three categories: inactive, minimally active and health-enhancing physically active, according to the scoring system provided by the IPAQ.