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Effects of Native Whey or Milk Supplementation on Adaptations to 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly

24 januari 2017 uppdaterad av: Truls Raastad, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Effects of Native Whey and Milk Supplementation on Changes in Muscle Mass and Strength After 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly

The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength than milk.

Studieöversikt

Status

Avslutad

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljerad beskrivning

Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey.

The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly.

The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the training intervention.

The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains than milk.

Studietyp

Interventionell

Inskrivning (Faktisk)

66

Fas

  • Inte tillämpbar

Kontakter och platser

Det här avsnittet innehåller kontaktuppgifter för dem som genomför studien och information om var denna studie genomförs.

Studieorter

  • Norge
      • Oslo, Norge, 0863
        • Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Deltagandekriterier

Forskare letar efter personer som passar en viss beskrivning, så kallade behörighetskriterier. Några exempel på dessa kriterier är en persons allmänna hälsotillstånd eller tidigare behandlingar.

Urvalskriterier

Åldrar som är berättigade till studier

20 år och äldre (Vuxen, Äldre vuxen)

Tar emot friska volontärer

Ja

Kön som är behöriga för studier

Allt

Beskrivning

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing
  • Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral
  • Between 20 and 45, or above 70 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation
  • Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine)
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Allergy to milk
  • Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)

Studieplan

Det här avsnittet ger detaljer om studieplanen, inklusive hur studien är utformad och vad studien mäter.

Hur är studien utformad?

Designdetaljer

  • Primärt syfte: Grundläggande vetenskap
  • Tilldelning: Randomiserad
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallellt uppdrag
  • Maskning: Fyrdubbla

Vapen och interventioner

Deltagargrupp / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Placebo-jämförare: Milk supplementation
11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g milk protein.
Övrig: Styrketräning
Kosttillskott: Mjölk
Experimentell: Native whey
11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g native whey protein.
Övrig: Styrketräning
Kosttillskott: Inhemsk vassle

Vad mäter studien?

Primära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Lean mass
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Before the training intervention
Lean mass
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
After 11-12 weeks of strength training

Sekundära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Thigh muscle cross sectional area
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Before the training intervention
Thigh muscle cross sectional area
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Before the training intervention
Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Arm cross sectional area
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Before the training intervention
Arm cross sectional area
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Thickness of the lateral vasti
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Measured by ultrasound
Before the training intervention
Thickness of the lateral vasti
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Measured by ultrasound
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
1 repetition maximum in leg press
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Before the training intervention
1 repetition maximum in leg press
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
1 repetition maximum in bench press
Tidsram: Before the training intervention
Before the training intervention
1 repetition maximum in bench press
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
Tidsram: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
Tidsram: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
Tidsram: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
Tidsram: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
Tidsram: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
Tidsram: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Plasma amino acid concentration
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Plasma amino acid concentration
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
Tidsram: 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
Tidsram: 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum glucose
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum glucose
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum insulin
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum insulin
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum urea
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum urea
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum creatine kinase
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum creatine kinase
Tidsram: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Tidsram: 30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)
Tidsram: Before training intervention
Before training intervention
Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)
Tidsram: Before training intervention
Before training intervention
Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting LDL (only in elderly)
Tidsram: Before training intervention
Before training intervention
Fasting LDL (only in elderly)
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting HDL (only in elderly)
Tidsram: Before training intervention
Before training intervention
Fasting HDL (only in elderly)
Tidsram: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
After 11-12 weeks of strength training

Samarbetspartners och utredare

Det är här du hittar personer och organisationer som är involverade i denna studie.

Sponsor

Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Samarbetspartners

The Research Council of Norway
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Studieavstämningsdatum

Dessa datum spårar framstegen för inlämningar av studieposter och sammanfattande resultat till ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter och rapporterade resultat granskas av National Library of Medicine (NLM) för att säkerställa att de uppfyller specifika kvalitetskontrollstandarder innan de publiceras på den offentliga webbplatsen.

Studera stora datum

Studiestart

1 augusti 2014

Primärt slutförande (Faktisk)

1 juni 2015

Avslutad studie (Faktisk)

1 november 2016

Studieregistreringsdatum

Först inskickad

19 januari 2017

Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

24 januari 2017

Första postat (Uppskatta)

27 januari 2017

Uppdateringar av studier

Senaste uppdatering publicerad (Uppskatta)

27 januari 2017

Senaste inskickade uppdateringen som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

24 januari 2017

Senast verifierad

1 januari 2017

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