CPAP in Liver Transplant

February 17, 2009 updated by: University of Turin, Italy

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Treatment of Postoperative Hypoxemia in Liver Transplant

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure compared to standard treatment in preventing the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation in patients who develop acute hypoxemia after liver transplant.

Hypoxemia complicates the recovery of 30-50 % of patients after abdominal surgery; endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may be required in 8-10 % of cases increasing morbidity and mortality and prolonging intensive care unit and hospital stay.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Unknown

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Recovery from abdominal surgery is usually fast and uncomplicated but postoperative hypoxemia complicates 30-50 % of cases even in uneventful procedures (1). Although oxygen administration and incentive spirometry are effective in treating the vast majority of postoperative hypoxemia cases (2), respiratory failure may occur early in the postoperative course (3) requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in 8-10 % of patients thus increasing morbidity and mortality and prolonging intensive care unit and hospital stay (1-4). Loss of functioning alveolar units has been recognized as the underlying mechanism responsible for postoperative hypoxemia (5-7); pulmonary atelectasis after abdominal surgery is, in fact, common, it may exceed 25 % of the total lung volume and is seen several days after surgery (5-7).

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a breathing mode where the patient spontaneously breathes through a pressurized circuit against a threshold resistor that maintains a preset positive airway pressure during both inspiration and expiration. Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of CPAP to reduce atelectasis and improve oxygenation in patients after abdominal surgery (8-11), no clinical trials have confirmed that the improvement of gas exchange with CPAP actually results in a reduced need for intubation and mechanical ventilation in patients who develop hypoxemia after abdominal surgery (12). We conducted a multi-center, prospective, randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy of CPAP with standard oxygen therapy in the treatment of postoperative hypoxemia. The present study set out to examine the hypothesis that early application of CPAP may prevent intubation and mechanical ventilation in patients who develop acute hypoxemia after liver transplant.

Concealed randomization was conducted centrally through a dedicated web site using a computer-generated block randomization schedule.

Patients were randomized to be treated for six hours with oxygen through a Venturi mask at a FiO2 of 0.5 (control) or with oxygen at a FiO2 of 0.5 plus a CPAP of 7.5 cm H2O (CPAP). At the end of the 6-hour period, patients passed a one-hour screening test breathing oxygen through a Venturi mask at a FiO2of 0.3. Patients returned to the assigned treatment if the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was less than or equal to 300; treatment was interrupted if the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was higher than 300. Nasal oxygen (8-10 liter/minute) was given if the treatment was not tolerated (Figure 1).

In all centers, CPAP was generated using a flow generator with an adjustable inspiratory oxygen fraction set to deliver a flow of up to 140 liters per minute (Whisperflow, Caradyne, Ireland) and a spring-loaded expiratory pressure valve (Vital Signs Inc, Totoma NJ) and applied using a latex-free polyvinyl chloride transparent helmet (CaStar, Starmed, Italy) (15); all centers measured the inspiratory oxygen fraction using an oxygen analyzer (Oxicheck, Caradyne, Ireland) through the Venturi mask or the helmet.

All analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. Values are reported as mean and standard deviation. Continuous variables were compared with the use of the unpaired t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, depending on their distributional characteristics. Categorical variables were compared with the use of Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test, when appropriate. The Kaplan-Meier curve for intubation rate was plotted and was compared by the log-rank and Wilcoxon tests. All reported P values are two-sided.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Anticipated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
80

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • Italy
    • Piemonte
      • Torino, Piemonte, Italy, 10100
        • Recruiting
        • Università degli Studi Torino
        • Contact:
          • Pelizzetti PE Ezio, Rettore
          • Phone Number: 2201 +39 011 6702200
          • Email: rettore@unito.it

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 80 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Patients were included in the study if developed an arterial oxygen tension to inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio (PaO2/FiO2) less than or equal to 300

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Age older than 80 years or younger than 18 years
  • New York Heart Association functional class II III or IV
  • Valvular heart disease, history of dilated cardiomyopathy, implanted cardiac pace-maker, unstable angina or myocardial infarction/cardiac surgery within the previous three months
  • History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma
  • History of sleep disorders
  • Preoperative infection and/or sepsis (13)
  • Body mass index higher than 40
  • Presence of tracheostomy, facial, neck, or chest wall abnormalities
  • Requirement of emergency procedure (operation that must be performed as soon as possible and no longer than 12 hours after admission)
  • Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery
  • Chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy within the previous three months.

  • Patients were also excluded if before randomization they showed:

    • Arterial pH lower than 7.30 with an arterial carbon dioxide tension higher than 50 mmHg
    • Arterial oxygen saturation lower than 80 % with the maximal fraction of inspiratory oxygen; clinical signs of acute myocardial infarction
    • Systolic arterial pressure lower than 90 mmHg under optimal fluid therapy
    • Presence of criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (14)
    • Hemoglobin concentration lower than 7 g/dl, serum albumin lower than 3 g/dl
    • Creatinine level higher than 3.5 g/dl
    • Glasgow Coma Scale lower than 12.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Intubation, need of mechanical ventilation

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Wound infection, ICU Los , Hospital Los

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Turin, Italy

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Squadrone SV Vincenzo, MD

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
December 1, 2004

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 1, 2007

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 1, 2007

First Posted (Estimate)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 2, 2007

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimate)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
February 18, 2009

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 17, 2009

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
February 1, 2009

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • CPAP-1-LT

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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