Evaluation of Botanicals for Mechanisms Related to Appetite and Fat Metabolism

January 6, 2015 updated by: Access Business Group

Study to Evaluate Botanicals for Mechanisms Related to Appetite and Fat Metabolism in Healthy, Overweight and Obese Individuals

Excess caloric consumption, particularly from inexpensive, energy dense foods that are high in fat and refined carbohydrates, is a major driver of the global obesity epidemic. Dietary supplements that promote reduced intake of energy dense foods and/or impact the absorption and metabolism of fat and carbohydrates in the body can be used to help consumers control their weight. We identified two separate mechanistic approaches to target these effects.

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) is an enzyme involved in the formation of dietary fat into circulating triglycerides within the body. Once dietary fat is digested and absorbed, the resulting fatty acids are re-esterified into triglycerides. Inhibition of DGAT-1 results in delayed and decreased re-esterification of dietary fats into circulating triglycerides. It is hypothesized that this effect may lead to decreased deposition of excess dietary fat as adipose tissue, possibly due to increased fatty acid oxidation in the enterocytes.

Ghrelin is a hormone that is known to stimulate appetite in humans. When calorie dense fatty foods are sensed in the stomach, ghrelin is acylated and activated via ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT). The activation step attaches a medium chain fatty acid to the ghrelin molecule that enables it to transmit a signal in the brain that triggers eating and fat storage in adipose tissue. Interfering with the GOAT pathway will inhibit ghrelin activation and possibly diminish food intake and lipid storage. This concept is supported by animal studies in which weight gain in a high fat diet model is prevented when GOAT is inhibited.

Our objective was to determine whether botanicals demonstrating in vitro DGAT-1 and GOAT inhibition have similar mechanistic effects in the human body. Based on the results of this study, prototype formulas may be developed and clinically- tested for outcomes related to weight management.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Excess caloric consumption, particularly from inexpensive, energy dense foods that are high in fat and refined carbohydrates, is a major driver of the global obesity epidemic. Dietary supplements that promote reduced intake of energy dense foods and/or impact the absorption and metabolism of fat and carbohydrates in the body can be used to help consumers control their weight. We identified two separate mechanistic approaches to target these effects.

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) is an enzyme involved in the formation of dietary fat into circulating triglycerides within the body. Once dietary fat is digested and absorbed, the resulting fatty acids are re-esterified into triglycerides. Inhibition of DGAT-1 results in delayed and decreased re-esterification of dietary fats into circulating triglycerides. It is hypothesized that this effect may lead to decreased deposition of excess dietary fat as adipose tissue, possibly due to increased fatty acid oxidation in the enterocytes.

Ghrelin is a hormone that is known to stimulate appetite in humans. When calorie dense fatty foods are sensed in the stomach, ghrelin is acylated and activated via ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT). The activation step attaches a medium chain fatty acid to the ghrelin molecule that enables it to transmit a signal in the brain that triggers eating and fat storage in adipose tissue. Interfering with the GOAT pathway will inhibit ghrelin activation and possibly diminish food intake and lipid storage. This concept is supported by animal studies in which weight gain in a high fat diet model is prevented when GOAT is inhibited.

Ghrelin levels are positively associated with stress, sleep deprivation, and caloric restriction. Weight loss induced by exercise does not have the same positive association with ghrelin levels that caloric restriction alone has. Ghrelin levels are influenced by diet composition, however, the results vary considerably between trials.

Over 160 botanical extracts from our internal ingredient library were screened at a single concentration for inhibition of both DGAT-1 and GOAT. Botanicals that were identified as having at least 75% activity were then titrated to identify those with IC50 values < 25 g/ml or less. We narrowed our list of viable ingredients by looking at those with activity in both the DGAT-1 and GOAT in vitro enzyme bioassay models. The top performing botanicals were then evaluated in a cellular model for DGAT-1 inhibition. Those with the highest inhibition activity in this model were considered lead candidates. A preliminary literature search was conducted and the final filter included factors such as cost and regulatory acceptability which results in the four ingredients being tested in the current clinical protocol.Our objective was to determine whether these four ingredients have similar mechanistic effects in the human body.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
90

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 70 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Overweight/obese (BMI of 25-35 kg/m2) men and women.
  • Participant must be 18-70 years of age.
  • Considered healthy with no evidence of chronic diseases.
  • Willing to maintain a consistent diet and exercise pattern throughout the duration of the study.
  • Willing to consume a dairy and egg-based fat challenge meal twice, at start and end of study (V2 & V3).

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of allergic reaction to fruit, dairy or egg products.
  • Current smoker or history of tobacco use within the past year.
  • Use of dietary supplements within 1 week prior to Visit 2 and unwilling to refrain from use through the duration of the trial. Supplements include any vitamins, minerals, and herbal products, including herbal drinks.
  • Use of fish oil supplements within the past 8 weeks.
  • Consumption of fatty fish one or more times per week within the past 8 weeks (e.g., mackerel, salmon, trout, canned albacore tuna, sardines, haddock, cod, hake, halibut, shrimp, sole, flounder, perch, black bass, swordfish, oysters, Alaskan king crab).
  • Presence of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, lactose intolerance, or any other chronic health condition identified from the findings of the interview.
  • History of gastric bypass or other surgery that physically alters the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Blood pressure greater > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic during seated, resting measurement on two consecutive occasions during visit 1.
  • Fasting serum triglycerides > 200 mg/dl.
  • Use of lipid lowering medications or dietary supplements.
  • Use of blood pressure lowering medications or dietary supplements.
  • Use of Coumadin, aspirin, or other medications that influence hemostasis.
  • Daily use of low dose (< 81 mg) aspirin is allowed.
  • Use of antibiotics within the past week.
  • Chronic or therapeutic use of antacids, H2 agonists, and proton pump inhibitors.
  • Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and/or any other drug with vasoconstricting properties.
  • Pregnant or lactating women, or women of child-bearing potential unwilling to use a medically approved form of birth control.
  • History, in the past year, of current abuse of drugs or alcohol, or intake > 14 alcoholic beverages per week.
  • Participation in another clinical trial within 28 days of enrollment into the study.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Quadruple

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo
333 mg capsule comprised of silicified microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, modified cellulose gum, silicon dioxide, dextrose, corn starch, and caramel color. Consumed as six capsules once daily (total of 2 g/day) with the morning meal for a period of seven days.
Dietary supplement: Placebo
Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four botanical interventions or placebo.
Experimental: Apple
333 mg capsule comprised of apple peel extract (115:1, standardized to 80% polyphenol and 5% phlorizin). Consumed as six capsules once daily (total of 2 g/day) with the morning meal for a period of seven days.
Dietary supplement: Apple
Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four botanical interventions or placebo.
Experimental: Grape
333 mg capsule comprised of grape extract (8000:1, standardized to 75% total polyphenol, 50% oligomeric proanthocyanidin). Consumed as six capsules once daily (total of 2 g/day) with the morning meal for a period of seven days.
Dietary supplement: Grape
Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four botanical interventions or placebo.
Experimental: Red Raspberry
333 mg capsule comprised of red raspberry leaf extract (4:1, standardized to 6% ellagic acid). Consumed as six capsules once daily (total of 2 g/day) with the morning meal for a period of seven days.
Dietary supplement: Raspberry
Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four botanical interventions or placebo.
Experimental: Apricot/Nectarine
333 mg capsule comprised of apricot/nectarine extract (40:1, standardized to 50% polyphenol).
Dietary supplement: Apricot/Nectarine
Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four botanical interventions or placebo.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Time Frame
Serum triglyceride response (area under the curve = AUC) following consumption of a standardized high fat meal challenge.
Time Frame: Six hours
Six hours
Plasma acylated ghrelin response (AUC) following consumption of a standardized high fat meal challenge
Time Frame: Three hours
Three hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Time Frame
Maximum concentration (Cmax) for serum triglycerides following consumption of a standardized high fat meal challenge
Time Frame: Six hours
Six hours
Time to maximum concentration (Tmax) for serum triglycerides following consumption of a standardized high fat meal challenge
Time Frame: Six hours
Six hours
Cmax for plasma acylated ghrelin following consumption of a standardized high fat meal challenge
Time Frame: Three hours
Three hours
Tmax for plasma acylated ghrelin following consumption of a standardized high fat meal challenge
Time Frame: Three hours
Three hours

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Access Business Group

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Radiant Research

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
May 1, 2012

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
August 1, 2012

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
August 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
January 6, 2015

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 6, 2015

First Posted (Estimate)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
January 7, 2015

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimate)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
January 7, 2015

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 6, 2015

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
January 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • BURN CURB POM-1

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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