Intervention for Fear of Childbirth in High-Risk Pregnant Women

January 2, 2026 updated by: Sena Dilek Aksoy, Kocaeli University

The Effect of the Clinical Activity Applied to High-Risk Pregnant Women on Pregnancy Stress and Fear of Childbirth

The aim of the study is to examine the effects of mandala activity applied to pregnant women hospitalized due to high-risk pregnancies on pregnancy stress and fear of childbirth. The study was designed as an experimental study. The sample size of the study was calculated based on the study conducted by Rondung et al. in 2018 to evaluate the effects of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy on fear of childbirth. The sample size of the study was calculated using G*Power 3.1. 9.2 and the mean and standard deviation values of the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on fear of childbirth variable in the relevant article were taken into account to calculate the effect size. The blended effect size was calculated as 0.28 using the mean and standard deviation of the relevant article. The minimum number of individuals to be included in the sample of this study was calculated with G*Power 3.1. 9.2 using effect size: 0.28, α= 0.05, power: 0.95 (group1= 75, group2-75) and the sample size was determined to be at least 75 participants in each group. To collect data in the study, Individual Informed Consent Form, Introductory Information Form, STAI FORM TX - 1, STAI FORM TX - 2, Pregnancy Stress Assessment Scale, Fear of Birth Scale will be used.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the effect of mandala activity applied to pregnant women hospitalized in the clinic due to high-risk pregnancies on pregnancy stress and fear of birth.

Hypothesis 1 H.0: There is no difference in pregnancy stress scores between high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not.

H.1: There is a difference in pregnancy stress scores between high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not.

Hypothesis 2 H.0: There is no difference in state scores between high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not.

H.1: There is a difference in state scores between high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not.

Hypothesis 3 H.0: There is no difference in trait anxiety scores between high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not.

H.1.: There is a difference in the trait anxiety scores of high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not participate.

Hypothesis 4 H.0.: There is no difference in the childbirth anxiety scores of high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not participate.

H.1.: There is a difference in the childbirth anxiety scores of high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not participate.

Hypothesis 5. H.0.: There is no difference in the childbirth fear scores of high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not participate.

H.1.: There is a difference in the childbirth fear scores of high-risk pregnant women who participated in the mandala study applied in addition to medical treatment in the hospital and high-risk pregnant women who did not participate.

Implementation of the Study The study will be explained to the pregnant women included in the study sample, and informed consent forms and permissions will be obtained from those who voluntarily agree to participate. In the study, an introductory information form, STAI TX1 and STAI TX 2, Pregnancy Stress Scale, and FOBS fear of childbirth scale will be used for pregnant women who are admitted to a public hospital gynecology department in Kocaeli and who meet the research criteria. During the interview, mobile phone numbers will be obtained from the pregnant women for communication purposes, and e-mail addresses will be obtained for participation via online platforms (Zoom, Google Meet, etc.) in order to implement the activities in case they are discharged. The forms required for the follow-up of the pregnant women included in the study and control groups will be presented to the pregnant women in printed form. In addition to the medical treatments they will receive in the clinic for 4 weeks, the pregnant women included in the study group will be given 2 mandala painting activities 3 days a week under the supervision of the researcher. In order to ensure standardization in the pregnant women included in the study group, the same mandala work box (36 colored pencils, file, eraser, pencil sharpener and the same mandala prints for all pregnant women) will be given to each pregnant woman. The selection of mandala patterns will be determined by the researchers. In the second week of the training, the researcher will evaluate using STAI TX1 and STAI TX 2, Pregnancy Stress Scale, FOBS fear of childbirth scale. At the end of the four-week activity, the researcher will repeat STAI FORMTX-1, STAI FORMTX-2, Pregnancy Stress Scale and FOBS fear of childbirth scale to determine the level of pregnancy stress and fear of childbirth in the study and control groups, and the final status of pregnancy stress and fear of childbirth will be evaluated. In the event that the participants are discharged from the clinic, the researcher will implement the activities and evaluate the forms through Online Platforms.

Statistical analysis will be used using IBM SPSS Statistic 29.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Compliance with normal distribution will be assessed with Shapiro-Wilk. Descriptive statistical methods will be used in the analysis of sociodemographic data. Categorical data with normal distribution will be assessed with parametric tests (chi square, T test etc.), and those that are not will be assessed with nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal Wallis etc.). One-Way Analysis of Variance in Repeated Measures will be used in the evaluation of repeated measurements. The significance level will be accepted as p<0.05.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
149

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Those who want to participate in the study voluntarily
  • Those who can speak and understand Turkish
  • Those who are over 18 years of age
  • Primiparous pregnant women
  • Pregnant women diagnosed with risky pregnancies (threatened preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth retardation, placenta previa, hyperemesis gravidarum)
  • Pregnant women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (13-40 weeks)
  • Those who do not have hearing, comprehension and vision problems so that they can follow the group study will be included in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Pregnant women who are absent from the mandala activity planned 3 times a week for 4 weeks for more than a week
  • Those who do less than 18 mandala activities during 4 weeks
  • Those who fill out the survey forms incompletely
  • Pregnant women who decide to give birth during the survey period will be excluded from the study.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Art therapy group
In addition to the medical treatments that the pregnant women in the study group will receive in the clinic for 4 weeks, they will be given 2 mandala painting sessions, 3 days a week, under the supervision of the researcher.
Behavioral: Art therapy group
In addition to the medical treatments that the pregnant women in the study group will receive in the clinic for 4 weeks, a mandala coloring session will be held 3 days a week, 2 times a week under the supervision of the researcher. In order to ensure standardization in the pregnant women included in the study group, each pregnant woman will be given the same mandala work box (36 colored coloring pencils, file, eraser, pencil sharpener and the same mandala prints for all pregnant women). The selection of mandala patterns will be determined by the researchers. In the second week of the training, the researcher will evaluate the STAI TX1 and STAI TX 2, Pregnancy Stress Scale, and FOBS fear of birth scale. At the end of the four-week activity, the researcher will evaluate again.
Other: Control group
Nothing other than routine procedures will be done to the control group.
Other: Control group
In addition to the medical treatments that the pregnant women in the control group will receive in the clinic for 4 weeks, no other application will be made. After two weeks, the researcher will evaluate them using the STAI TX1 and STAI TX 2, Pregnancy Stress Scale, and FOBS fear of childbirth scale. At the end of the fourth week, the researcher will evaluate them again.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI FORM TX)
Time Frame: It will be used at the end of the 2nd week and the end of the 4th week of the study.
It will be used to measure state and trait anxiety.
It will be used at the end of the 2nd week and the end of the 4th week of the study.
Pregnancy Stress Scale
Time Frame: It will be used at the end of the 2nd week and the end of the 4th week of the study.
It will be used to measure the stress of the pregnant woman
It will be used at the end of the 2nd week and the end of the 4th week of the study.
Fear of Birth Scale
Time Frame: It will be used at the end of the 2nd week and the end of the 4th week of the study.
It will be used to measure the fear of childbirth.
It will be used at the end of the 2nd week and the end of the 4th week of the study.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Kocaeli University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Sena Dilek Aksoy, Ph.D., Kocaeli University
  • Study Chair: Sena Ozen, Kocaeli City Hospital

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
September 16, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
October 16, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 16, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
November 29, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 29, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
December 4, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
January 6, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 2, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • sdilek13

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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