Effects of Custom-Designed 3D-Printed and CAD-CAM Insoles on Individuals With Flexible Flatfoot (Insoles)

January 13, 2026 updated by: GÖZDE KESİKBAŞ

Investigation of the Effects of Custom-Designed 3D-Printed and CAD-CAM-Produced Insoles in Individuals With Flexible Pes Planus

This study aims to investigate the effects of custom-designed insoles produced using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) and 3D printers on plantar pressure distribution analysis, foot posture, plantar force distribution, foot pain, and satisfaction in patients diagnosed with pes planus.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This randomized controlled trial evaluates the impact of custom-designed insoles, created using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) and 3D printing technologies, on plantar pressure distribution, foot posture, pain, and user satisfaction in individuals with flexible pes planus. The study targets adults aged 18-55, with specific clinical and postural inclusion criteria, and excludes individuals with biomechanical or neurological confounders.

Participants are randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups using a simple randomization method: one receiving CNC-produced insoles and the other 3D-printed insoles. Assessments are conducted before and after 8 weeks of insole use, employing standardized tools such as the Foot Posture Index, subtalar angle measurement, plantar pressure analysis, and satisfaction/function questionnaires. The primary aim is to explore comparative biomechanical and subjective outcomes to inform best practices in orthotic design and application.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
40

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals aged between 18 and 55 years
  • Diagnosed with flexible pes planus (flat feet)
  • No prior use of custom orthotic insoles within the past 6 months
  • Able to walk independently without assistive devices
  • Voluntarily agree to participate and provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of lower limb or foot surgery
  • Presence of neurological, rheumatologic, or musculoskeletal disorders affecting gait
  • Presence of severe foot deformities (e.g., rigid pes planus, cavus foot)
  • Use of medications that affect muscle or joint function
  • Pregnancy

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Custom insoles manufactured using CNC technology
Customised insoles will be produced using CNC technology and delivered based on the analyses of 20 patients with pes planus.
Device: Custom made insoles
For the production of insoles using the CAD-CAM method; In the production of insoles, medial longitudinal arch support will be added so that the subtalar joints are in a neutral position, and additionally, transverse arch support between 3.5-5 mm, lateral longitudinal arch support between 4-6 mm, and finger-under supports to assist with palmar grip will be designed in three dimensions using the EasyCad modelling interface. Using a Vulcan Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling machine, the insoles will be machined from Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) material placed in blocks. After this process, the insoles will be adjusted on the milling machine to fit the patient's shoes.For the production of insoles using the 3D printing method, the Elegoo Neptune 4 Max 3D printer will be used. Using TPU material, medial longitudinal arch support will be added, along with transverse arch support between 3.5-5 mm, lateral longitudinal arch support between 4-6 mm, and finger support to aid palmar grip.
Other Names:
  • Insoles
Active Comparator: Custom insoles produced using 3D technology
Custom insoles produced using 3D technology will be delivered to 20 patients with pes planus.
Device: Custom made insoles
For the production of insoles using the CAD-CAM method; In the production of insoles, medial longitudinal arch support will be added so that the subtalar joints are in a neutral position, and additionally, transverse arch support between 3.5-5 mm, lateral longitudinal arch support between 4-6 mm, and finger-under supports to assist with palmar grip will be designed in three dimensions using the EasyCad modelling interface. Using a Vulcan Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling machine, the insoles will be machined from Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) material placed in blocks. After this process, the insoles will be adjusted on the milling machine to fit the patient's shoes.For the production of insoles using the 3D printing method, the Elegoo Neptune 4 Max 3D printer will be used. Using TPU material, medial longitudinal arch support will be added, along with transverse arch support between 3.5-5 mm, lateral longitudinal arch support between 4-6 mm, and finger support to aid palmar grip.
Other Names:
  • Insoles

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in Foot Function Index (FFI) Score
Time Frame: Baseline and 8 weeks after intervention
This measure assesses changes in foot pain, disability, and activity limitation using the Foot Function Index (FFI). Participants complete the FFI questionnaire before and after the intervention period. The score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating worse foot function.
Baseline and 8 weeks after intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
GÖZDE KESİKBAŞ

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Director: Nilgün Bek, PhD, Lokman Hekim University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 9, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
October 9, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
October 9, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
May 31, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 11, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
June 15, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimated)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
January 14, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 13, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2024211

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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