Effectiveness of Mindful Attention Awareness Breathing on Attention and Wellbeing Among Undergraduate Students (MAAB)

May 11, 2026 updated by: Seethalakshmi Avudaiappan, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research

Enhancing Attention and Well-Being Through Mindful Attention Awareness Breathing: An Interventional Study Among Undergraduates

Mindfulness-based interventions, particularly breathing techniques, have shown promise in enhancing cognitive and emotional outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Mindful Attention Awareness Breathing (MAAB) on attention and well-being among undergraduate nursing students.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Nursing students must develop self-awareness and emotional stability to effectively interact with patients who come from diverse backgrounds and present with varied healthcare needs. During undergraduate education, students face the dual demands of theoretical learning and clinical practice, which can affect their attention, awareness, and overall well-being. Mindfulness-based practices, particularly breathing techniques, have been shown to support cognitive functioning and emotional balance. Mindful Attention Awareness Breathing is a structured breathing-based mindfulness practice that encourages individuals to focus on their breathing and remain aware of the present moment without judgment.

This experimental study was conducted among undergraduate nursing students in a selected teaching institution to evaluate the effectiveness of Mindful Attention Awareness Breathing on attention, mindfulness, and subjective well-being. Students in the intervention group participated in guided breathing sessions conducted daily for a specified period, while the control group continued with routine academic activities. Attention, mindfulness, and awareness were assessed using standardized instruments, and subjective well-being was measured using a validated student well-being questionnaire.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
170

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • India
    • Tamil Nadu
      • Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600116
        • Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Students who are willing and available for 15 days. Students from the first and second year of B.Sc. Nursing

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Students who are not willing to undergo the mindful breathing practice. Students having chronic respiratory conditions and poor attention span

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Mindful Breathing Group
45 first-year students, and 40 second year students were allocated to study group. These students received supervised practice of mindful breathing techniques for 15 days.Intervention sessions were held every day for 20 minutes over 15 consecutive days in morning for the first year B.Sc. Nursing students and afternoon for the second year students. Students were divided into small groups of 10-12 for close observation and asked to assemble in the classroom. The exercises practiced in each session followed a structured sequence which includes pursed-lip breathing for 5 minutes, followed by box breathing for 3-4 minutes and 4-7-8 breathing for 5 minutes, diaphragmatic breathing for 4 minutes, and alternate nostril breathing for about 5 minutes. Students maintained proper posture, eye closure, and breath awareness throughout, with short relaxation intervals between exercises, and concluded with relaxation by placing the palms over the eyes.
Behavioral: Mindful attention awareness breathing
The exercises practiced in each session followed a structured sequence which includes pursed-lip breathing for 5 minutes, followed by box breathing for 3-4 minutes and 4-7-8 breathing for 5 minutes, diaphragmatic breathing for 4 minutes, and alternate nostril breathing for about 5 minutes. Students maintained proper posture, eye closure, and breath awareness throughout, with short relaxation intervals between exercises, and concluded with relaxation by placing the palms over the eyes.
Other Names:
  • Mindful breathing
No Intervention: Control group
45 first-year and 40 second year students were allocated to control group and they did not receive the intervention

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Mindfulness
Time Frame: The assessment was done at baseline on day one and posttest on 15th day of the intervention
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale A 15-item self-report scale measuring attention and awareness. Total score ranges from 15 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater mindfulness.
The assessment was done at baseline on day one and posttest on 15th day of the intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Attention
Time Frame: Baseline was assessed on day 1 before starting the intervention and posttest was obtained on 15th day of the intervention
Attention was determined using the Digit Span Test with total score ranging from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive performance.
Baseline was assessed on day 1 before starting the intervention and posttest was obtained on 15th day of the intervention
Well Being
Time Frame: Baseline on Day 1 and post-intervention Day 15
The wellbeing of the students was assessed using the Student Subjective Well-being Questionnaire a 16-item questionnaire with total scores range from 1-64 and higher scores indicating greater wellbeing The effectiveness of the intervention is determined on all the three components and a correlation is done to determine their effects on each other
Baseline on Day 1 and post-intervention Day 15

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
September 26, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
October 26, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
October 31, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 12, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 25, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 27, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
May 14, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 11, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 146/141

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data will not be publicly shared. De-identified data may be available from the corresponding investigator upon reasonable request.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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