Randomized In-Vivo Comparison of 3D-Printed and Thermoformed Clear Aligners: A Multi-Subject, Time-Dependent Analysis of Adaptation and Trueness

June 10, 2026 updated by: University of Florida

3D-Printed and Thermoformed Clear Aligners: Analysis of Adaptation and Trueness.

This prospective clinical study aims to evaluate and compare the in vivo adaptation and trueness of clear aligners fabricated using thermoforming and direct three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
20

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria

  • Healthy adult volunteers aged 18 years or older.
  • Good general and oral health.
  • Dentition adequate to support passive upper clear aligner wear, as determined by the investigator.
  • Willing and able to attend all study visits over the 4-6 month study period.
  • Willing and able to comply with aligner wear and all study procedures.
  • Able to provide written informed consent and HIPAA authorization.

Exclusion Criteria

  • Active dental or periodontal disease, or any oral condition that could interfere with study procedures.
  • Need for active orthodontic treatment or other dental procedures during the study period.
  • Poor oral hygiene or failure to follow study instructions at the screening visit.
  • Medical or systemic conditions, or use of medications, that could compromise participation or study outcomes.
  • Concurrent participation in another interventional research study.
  • Pregnancy or planned pregnancy during the study period (if applicable).

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Attachment group
Device: Device: Invisalign Passive Clear Aligner
Participants will wear a passive fabricated from unchanged digital models and not intended to move teeth or provide orthodontic treatment. The aligner will be worn full-time for 14 days, followed by a 48-hour washout period before the next system, with digital intraoral scans obtained at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days to assess aligner adaptation and trueness over time.
Device: Spark Passive aligners
Participants will wear a passive fabricated from unchanged digital models and not intended to move teeth or provide orthodontic treatment. The aligner will be worn full-time for 14 days, followed by a 48-hour washout period before the next system, with digital intraoral scans obtained at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days to assess aligner adaptation and trueness over time.
Device: Zendura passive aligner
Participants will wear a passive fabricated from unchanged digital models and not intended to move teeth or provide orthodontic treatment. The aligner will be worn full-time for 14 days, followed by a 48-hour washout period before the next system, with digital intraoral scans obtained at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days to assess aligner adaptation and trueness over time.
Device: Graphy passive aligner
Participants will wear a passive fabricated from unchanged digital models and not intended to move teeth or provide orthodontic treatment. The aligner will be worn full-time for 14 days, followed by a 48-hour washout period before the next system, with digital intraoral scans obtained at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days to assess aligner adaptation and trueness over time.
Device: Luxcreo passive aligner
Participants will wear a passive fabricated from unchanged digital models and not intended to move teeth or provide orthodontic treatment. The aligner will be worn full-time for 14 days, followed by a 48-hour washout period before the next system, with digital intraoral scans obtained at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days to assess aligner adaptation and trueness over time.
No Intervention: No attachment group

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Aligner-tooth adaptation (3D gap distance) for each clear aligner system, with and without attachments.
Time Frame: Up to 14 days of wear for each aligner system (assessed at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days).
Mean 3D distance (millimeters) between the inner surface of the passive clear aligner and the corresponding tooth surface, computed from superimposed digital intraoral scans at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days of wear for each aligner system, comparing attachment and non-attachment groups
Up to 14 days of wear for each aligner system (assessed at baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days).

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Florida

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 30, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
February 21, 2028

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
April 6, 2028

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
June 5, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 5, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
June 10, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 12, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 10, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
June 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • IRB202600622

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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