Effect of Co-consuming Different Dietary Protein Sources With Salad on the Bioavailability of Carotenoids

August 30, 2026 updated by: Jung Eun Kim, National University of Singapore

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if different protein types will affect carotenoid responses in humans when co-consumed with salad. The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • What are the effect of dietary protein co-consumption with salad on postprandial carotenoid levels in Singapore adults?
  • Do different whole-food protein sources enhance the bioavailability of carotenoids in Singapore adults?

Participants will:

Consume salad with a form of protein (chicken, tuna, egg, soybean) Have their postprandial plasma carotenoid and triglyceride outcomes evaluated

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This study will be a single-blind, randomized, crossover acute trial, and all participants will complete an approximately 3-month study period. A total of 19 participants will be recruited and go through all 5 arms (4 intervention and 1 control), with the order randomized. The study will comprise 1 screening visit and 5 test visits, with another 5 compliance visits.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
19

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • Singapore
      • Singapore, Singapore, 117542
        • NUS, Department of Food Science and Technology, 1 Science Drive 3, Block S13, #03-07, Singapore, 117542
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Jung Eun Kim, Ph.D., R.D.
        • Contact:

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. English-literate and able to give informed consent
  2. Singaporean Adults aged 21 to 45 (inclusive)
  3. Body mass index of 18.5 to 23.0 kg/m2 (inclusive)
  4. At least 50 kg
  5. Healthy (based on screening results)

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Currently participating in another clinical study that involves altering regular diet and/or involves consuming a dietary supplement or investigated food product as an intervention
  2. High blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mmHg)
  3. Underlying health conditions that may affect metabolic functions
  4. Consuming carotenoid supplements regularly (i.e., more than three times a week) for the past 3 months, and not willing to discontinue consumption 3 months before and during the study duration
  5. Weight change > 3 kg in the past 3 months
  6. Exercising vigorously over the past 3 months (i.e., engaging in high-intensity exercises for more than 3 hours a week, where high-intensity exercises leave one out of breath and unable to talk or sing during the workout)
  7. Current smokers or have quit smoking for less than 5 years
  8. Drinking > 2 alcoholic drinks per day (i.e., one drink is defined as either 150 ml of wine, 340 ml of beer/cider or 45 ml of distilled spirit)
  9. If drinking ≤ 2 alcoholic drinks per day, not willing to stop consumption of alcoholic beverages two days before and on the day of the test visits
  10. Not willing to stop consumption of caffeinated beverages 10 to 12 hours before and on the day of the test visits
  11. Currently on a specialised diet (e.g., vegetarian, vegan, weight loss diet)
  12. Had serious food allergies in the past, or having intolerance, sensitivities or allergies to any of the following: soy/soy-derived products, eggs, fish and crustaceans, starch/starch-derived products (e.g., rice, corn, wheat, potato), gluten
  13. Disease or impairment of the liver
  14. Currently diagnosed with diabetes, gastrointestinal issues (e.g., lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome), gout and/or G6PD deficiency
  15. Taking antibiotics 2 weeks prior to study participation
  16. Taking anti-hypertensive or cholesterol-lowering drugs for less than 3 years unless medically declared by an official doctor to be in stable condition
  17. Poor peripheral venous access based on past experiences with blood drawing
  18. Individuals with pacemaker or related electrical medical devices
  19. Pregnant, lactating, or planning pregnancy in the next 6 months
  20. Have donated blood (whole blood or apheresis) or participated in any other clinical study or trial requiring blood draws within the last 3 months
  21. Clinical anemia (hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL in women and <13.0 g/dL in men)

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Placebo Comparator: Salad only
Salad only (no protein)
Other: Salad only
Control group, consumption of only salad
Experimental: Salad + Chicken
Salad with chicken
Other: Salad + Chicken
Consumption of salad with chicken
Experimental: Salad + Tuna
Salad with tuna
Other: Salad + Tuna
Consumption of salad with tuna
Experimental: Salad + Egg
Salad with egg
Other: Salad + Egg
Consumption of salad with egg
Experimental: Salad + Soybean
Salad with soybeans
Other: Salad + Soybean
Consumption of salad with soybean

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Concentration of plasma carotenoids
Time Frame: From start of salad consumption to the end of acute period (8 hours)
Concentration of plasma carotenoids hourly
From start of salad consumption to the end of acute period (8 hours)
Concentration of blood triglycerides
Time Frame: From start of salad consumption to the end of acute period (8 hours)
Postprandial triglyceride response
From start of salad consumption to the end of acute period (8 hours)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
National University of Singapore

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Jung Eun Kim, Ph.D., R.D., National University of Singapore, Department of Food Science and Technology

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
September 1, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
February 1, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
February 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 26, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 26, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 31, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 2, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 30, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
August 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • S37
  • NUS-IRB-2026-590 (Other Identifier: National University of Singapore Institutional Review Board (NUS IRB))

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Electronic copies of the data with identifiable participant information will be kept on NUS OneDrive with access limited only to Dr Kim Jung Eun and her research staff. All data will be de-identified prior to statistical analyses.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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