Kahoot!-Integrated Education for Stroke Patient Positioning (Kahoot-SPP)

September 28, 2026 updated by: Wan-Yun Huang, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.

Effects of Kahoot!-Integrated Instruction on Learning Motivation and Stroke Patient Positioning Skills Among Physical Therapy Interns: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of integrating the Kahoot! online interactive response system into instruction on stroke patient positioning among physical therapy interns. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. Both groups received the same course content on correct positioning of patients with stroke. The experimental group received Kahoot!-integrated interactive instruction, whereas the control group received conventional lecture-based instruction only.

Learning motivation and clinical performance were assessed before and immediately after the course using the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) Learning Motivation Scale and an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of stroke patient positioning. Participants in the experimental group also completed a satisfaction questionnaire regarding the Kahoot!-integrated instruction. Pre-course and post-course outcomes were analyzed to compare changes between the two groups.

Keywords: Kahoot!; online interactive response system; stroke patient positioning; learning motivation; clinical performance; physical therapy interns

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

I. Content

1. Research Motive and Purpose The Interactive Response System (IRS) is a technology-enhanced instructional tool that allows students to provide real-time feedback to instructors through electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, or personal digital assistants (PDAs), thereby improving the quality of classroom instruction. Previous studies have demonstrated that IRS is one of the key tools that significantly enhances student engagement and learning motivation.Detailed Description

Interactive response systems provide real-time questions and feedback during classroom instruction and may increase students' attention, participation, and understanding of course content. Kahoot! is a game-based interactive response platform that allows learners to answer questions using mobile devices and receive immediate feedback. Its use may transform conventional instructor-centered teaching into a more interactive learning experience.

Learning motivation is an important factor in clinical skills education. The Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) model describes four dimensions of learning motivation that may influence students' engagement and learning outcomes. This study evaluated whether integrating Kahoot! into clinical skills instruction improved learning motivation and stroke patient-positioning performance among physical therapy interns.

This study used a randomized, two-arm educational intervention design. Approximately 60 physical therapy interns at a medical center in southern Taiwan were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an experimental group or an active comparator group.

Both groups received instruction covering the same learning objectives and course content related to correct bed positioning of patients with stroke and caregiver education. The experimental group received conventional classroom teaching followed by a Kahoot!-based interactive activity involving quiz questions and immediate feedback. The active comparator group received conventional lecture-based instruction without Kahoot!-based activities.

Participants in both groups completed assessments at baseline and immediately after the course. Clinical performance was evaluated using a single-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of stroke patient positioning. Performance was scored using a standardized checklist, with higher scores indicating better clinical performance.

Learning motivation was evaluated using the 24-item ARCS Learning Motivation Scale. The scale contains four six-item subscales: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. Items were rated on a five-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater learning motivation.

Participants in the experimental group also completed a 14-item satisfaction questionnaire concerning the Kahoot!-integrated instruction. Items were rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1, "strongly disagree," to 5, "strongly agree," with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction. Open-ended questions collected feedback about participants' learning experiences, perceived benefits, suggestions, and areas for improvement.

Changes in OSCE performance and ARCS learning-motivation scores from baseline to the immediate post-course assessment were compared between the two groups.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
60

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Taiwan
      • Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, 813414
        • Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 80 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Physical therapy interns participating in the designated clinical skills training course Aged 18 years or older Scheduled to attend instructional sessions on stroke patient positioning Able to complete the OSCE assessments and self-administered questionnaires Provided informed consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

Previous structured training in stroke patient positioning that could influence the learning outcomes Unable to attend or participate in the required instructional sessions Unable to complete the required pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Arm Title 1: Experimental Group: Kahoot!-Integrated Instruction

Experimental Group:

Participants received traditional classroom teaching followed by Kahoot!-integrated interactive instruction.

Control Group:

Participants received conventional lecture-based instruction without Kahoot!-integrated activities
Other: traditional classroom teaching followed by Kahoot!-integrated interactive instruction

Participants received conventional classroom instruction on patient positioning, followed by a Kahoot!-based interactive learning activity. The activity included quiz questions, immediate feedback, and score-based engagement to reinforce the instructional content.
Active Comparator: Arm Title 2: Control Group: Convent

Control Group:

Participants received conventional lecture-based instruction without Kahoot!-integrated activities.
Other: conventional lecture-based instruction without Kahoot!-integrated activities

conventional lecture-based instruction without Kahoot!-integrated activities

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) Score for Patient Positioning Performance
Time Frame: Baseline and immediately after completion of the course on Day 1

Participants in both groups completed an OSCE before and immediately after the course. Patient-positioning performance was evaluated using a standardized checklist. Total scores ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better performance. The change from the pre-course to the post-course OSCE score was compared between the two groups.
Baseline and immediately after completion of the course on Day 1

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Chair: wan-yun huang, phd, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 1, 2022

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 30, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
January 10, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 28, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
September 29, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 29, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 28, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • KSVGH22-CT10-27

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

all collected IPD, all IPD that underlie results in a publication

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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