Comparing Simulated Patients and Manikin Based Simulation in Obstetrics

September 30, 2026 updated by: Mathias Maleczek, Medical University of Vienna

Effect of Manikin and Simulated-Patient Realism on Training Experience and Performance in Emergency Team Training: A Mixed-Methods Research Programme: Substudy C - Simulated Patient vs. MamaAnne for PPH and Eclampsia Team Training

The aim of this randomized study is to compare a live, trained simulated patient with a high-fidelity manikin in obstetric emergency team training using two standardized scenarios. The participants in this study are intact clinical teams (e.g., obstetrics, anesthesiology, and nursing/midwifery staff routinely working together in obstetric emergencies) and are recruited as a unit. Each team will either have both scenarios with the live, trained standard patient or the high fidelity manikin. Both scenarios are standardized: One scenario is about post-partum hemorrhage (PPH), a severe bleeding after giving birth, and the other scenario is about eclampsia, an emergency in obstetrics that causes hypertensive crisis and seizures. The order of scenarios is random. After each scenario all team members fill out questionnaires about realism and cognitive stress. After the second debriefing, a focus group of approximately 15 minutes is conducted with each team with a standardized procedure and questions.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The focus group is led by a moderator who did not facilitate either debriefing and who holds no supervisory relationship to any participant. A short semi-structured guide of five questions is used. The focus group is a separate element of the study and is not one of the two debriefings; it begins only once the second debriefing has been formally closed.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
72

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Individual inclusion criteria are: physician, midwife, registered nurse, or paramedic; current clinical duties in obstetric or peripartum emergency care
  • written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Pregnancy
  • Exclusion criteria are pregnancy and prior participation in a simulation study using the same obstetric scenarios.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Trained Simulated Patient

Both scenarios portrayed by a trained Simulated Patient (PPH: verbalized pain/distress, simulated blood loss via MamaNatalie; eclampsia: seizure activity, verbal responses where clinically appropriate, hypertensive crisis presentation).
Other: Trained, standardized patient

Trained, standardized patient portraying obstetric woman with MamaNatalie simulator

Other Names:
  • Arm 1: Standardized Patient
Experimental: High-fidelity Manikin

Both scenarios portrayed by a high fidelity obstetric manikin (PPH: verbalized pain/distress, simulated blood loss via MamaAnne; eclampsia: seizure activity, verbal responses where clinically appropriate, hypertensive crisis presentation).
Other: MamaAnne Patient Simulator

Patient portrayed by high fidelity obstetric manikin MamaAnne

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
SRS-Score
Time Frame: Immediately after each scenario (scenario 1 and scenario 2, on the day of training)

Perceived realism of the simulation measured with the Simulation Realism Scale (SRS), completed individually by every team member after each of the two scenarios. Score range [min] to [max]; higher scores indicate greater perceived realism.
Immediately after each scenario (scenario 1 and scenario 2, on the day of training)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Perceived realism on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)
Time Frame: Immediately after each scenario (scenario 1 and scenario 2, on the day of training)

Single-item perceived realism rated on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) from 0 (not realistic at all) to 10 (completely realistic); higher scores indicate greater perceived realism. Completed individually by every team member after each scenario.
Immediately after each scenario (scenario 1 and scenario 2, on the day of training)
Themes on perceived realism and training experience (reflexive thematic analysis of focus groups)
Time Frame: Immediately after the debriefing of the second scenario, on the day of training

Debriefing and focus group transcripts are analyzed together using reflexive thematic analysis. Two researchers code independently; a codebook is developed after the first four teams and applied to the remainder, with discrepancies resolved in consensus discussion and a third researcher consulted where consensus is not reached. Coders are not blinded to modality, since modality is evident from the transcript; this is reported as a limitation. Analytic adequacy is judged against information power rather than data saturation, taking into account the narrow study aim, the high specificity of the sample, and the use of an established theoretical frame.
Immediately after the debriefing of the second scenario, on the day of training

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Medical University of Vienna

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 15, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
January 1, 2029

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
January 1, 2029

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 24, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 30, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
October 5, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
October 5, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 30, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • Fidelity C

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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