Iron-fortified Lentils to Improve Iron (Fe) Status in Bangladesh
The Effect of Iron-fortified Lentils on the Iron (Fe) Status Among the Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh- a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
The study will be implemented in collaboration with BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) is one of the top-ranked most effective multinational non-government organization (NGO) in the world- headquarter based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Among many development programmes, BRAC has a specific programme for adolescents- named 'BRAC Adolescent Development Programme' which formed adolescent clubs as a part of their project. These clubs targeted all adolescent girls in the community regardless of their school attendance, marital status, pregnancy, or socio-economic status. The clubs provide a unique place and opportunity for adolescents to socialize both in rural and urban settings. Each club comprises of 25-40 adolescents, mainly girls and a few boys member between ages 10 to 19 years. These clubs operate in afternoons in BRAC schools, while in the absence of such facilities, a room is rented locally by BRAC.The efficacy study will be conducted at the BRAC's Adolescent Clubs. The adolescent Clubs will be selected from 4 Upazilas i.e., Muktagacha, Nanadail or Mymensingh Sadar (Central), Bhaluka, Gaffargaon of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. There will be three lentils based dietary intervention arm in this efficacy trial. Arm 1 will be intervened with iron-fortified lentils, the 2nd arm will be non-iron fortified lentils, and 3rd arm will be the usual intake of lentil (no additional lentil). Arm 2 will be served as a comparison group and arm 3 will be served as control group. Considering the lower estimation on the expected difference in mean serum ferritin (5mgm/L) with 80% power at 0.05 significance level, Intra Cluster Correlation (ICC) 0.025, a total of 59 cluster will be selected (each club will be treated as a cluster) where a total of 11 eligible adolescent girls will be selected from each cluster. A total of 335 adolescent girls will be placed in each of the intervention arms. The sample size was further incremented to minimize 20% lost to follow-up (resulting 420 in total) during the intervention period of 85 feeding days (approx. 4 months). Thus, the total sample size would be 1252 adolescent girls. A total of 20 adolescent clubs (420 adolescent girls - including 20% drop-outs) will be included in each arm - a total of 1252 adolescent girls in three arms. Participating adolescents will be served thick preparation of cooked lentils (37.5gm raw lentil) 5 days a week for 85 feeding days (around 4+months). In a typical week, the BRAC adolescent club run for 2 days a week (Thursday and any other day). As this study proposes to serve daal 5 days a week, the research team will invite participants to visit the clubs for extra 3 days and consume the cooked lentil/daal. BRAC field level staff will encourage adolescent girls to come to clubs and also their parent to allow them to join the club for consuming dal. These adolescent girls reside in the area near the clubs. The researchers, therefore, assume that there will be full participation in non-club days.
All adolescent girls will be enrolled in the study, will be tested for parasites and be de-wormed prior data collection. Baseline, midpoint and endpoint data collection will include venous blood samples to measure Fe status, anthropometry, and cognitive outcomes. Each of the survey (baseline and endline) survey would take around 30 min per participants. However, in the midline, only venous blood samples will be collected to measure body iron status. Fe status measurement will include hemoglobin, hematocrit (volume of red blood cells), serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), C-reactive protein and imputed total body Fe (Aim 1). Height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and total serum ferritin (TSF) of adolescents will be measured regularly (Baseline and endline) during the study to determine the change in growth. Ravens Progressive Matrices (RPM) and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assessments will be used for non-verbal measurement of the cognitive ability of advanced observation and thinking skills specific to capacity for analyzing and solving problems, abstract reasoning, and the ability to learn. Two rounds of data collection in the baseline and endline will include information on socio-demographic characteristics, household food security status, and adolescent food habits (FFQ). Periodic data collection will be carried out in order to track the smooth intervention with defined intervals (every month) on the compliance of the respondents, participants' morbidity including parasitic infestation, menstruation, fortified lentil distribution efficiency, fortified lentil stock, and other explanatory variables. Process evaluation of intervention performance will be conducted in a selected number of adolescent clubs to understand if the interventions are implemented as planned. The process evaluation will provide information related to intervention impact pathway and immediate feedback to the project implementers. In addition, it will help to interpret the research findings. A venous blood sample (approx. 10ml) will then be collected by a well-trained phlebotomist from each of the participants using lithium heparinized vacutainer following aseptic procedure and using disposable syringe and needle. Vacutainers will be carried to the nearest field laboratory in an ice box for serum separation and which will then be stored at 2-8 degree Celsius (°C). All plasma samples will be shipped to central laboratory of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) based in Dhaka within 72 hours of collection where the samples will be analyzed. The blood collection per participants will take around 10 min.
Study Type
Enrollment (Anticipated)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1212
- BRAC Research and Evaluation Division
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adolescent girls who attend the BRAC adolescent clubs
- Age between 10 -17 years
- Non-smoking
- Not pregnant
- Not breastfeeding
- Generally healthy.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Unwilling to participate
- Active illness during recruitment
- Known case of Infectious disease
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: OTHER
- Allocation: RANDOMIZED
- Interventional Model: PARALLEL
- Masking: TRIPLE
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
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EXPERIMENTAL: Iron fortified lentils
Lentils will be fortified with iron in the lab setting at the Crop Development Center (CDC) of The University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
The study will fortify lentil by spraying iron fortificant NaFeEDTA solution.
A small sprayer will be placed at the beginning of the lentil polishing machine at a commercial lentil mill located near Saskatoon, Canada.
The iron solution will be applied as a fine mist which will be absorbed into the lentil as it travels through the polishing drum.
As the fortified lentil leaves the drum it will be bagged in 20 kg food grade bags.
The expected concentration of Fe in the final product will be approximately 21 mg/100 g of lentil (fortified with NaFeEDTA solution with 1600 ppm of Fe).
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Lentils will be iron-fortified using NaFeEDTA iron fortificants
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ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Non iron-fortified lentils
It will be the same Saskatchewan (province of Canada) grown small cotyledon color lentil (Iron content 75-90ppm) without the iron fortification.
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Non-fortified lentils will be provided
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PLACEBO_COMPARATOR: Usual Intake (no intervention)
It will be the usual intake of lentil- no additional lentil will be provided.
However, participants will be free to consume lentils from anywhere (homemade or restaurants) if they want to, except our fortified lentils.
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No lentils will be provided.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
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Changes in Serum ferritin level (micrograms per liter)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Body Fe status (micrograms per liter) will be measured at baseline, midline, and endline at 85 feeding days (5 days a week)- approx.
4+ months
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85 feeding days
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
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Cognitive performance [(non-verbal measurement), # items correct out of 60-item test]
Time Frame: 85 feeding days (change from baseline cognitive ability at endpoint)
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Standard Progressive Matrices will be used for non-verbal measurement of the cognitive ability of advanced observation and thinking skills specific to capacity for analyzing and solving problems, abstract reasoning, and the ability to learn. The booklet comprises five sets (A to E) of 12 items each (e.g., A1 through A12), with items within a set becoming increasingly difficult, requiring ever greater cognitive capacity to encode and analyze information. All items are presented in black ink on a white background. Higher the number of correct answers higher the cognitive ability. It would take around 45 minutes per participant. |
85 feeding days (change from baseline cognitive ability at endpoint)
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Attention assessment (# of correct response)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days (change from baseline attention at endpoint)
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Attention assessment (# of correct response) test will be administered via The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) [www.cambridgecognition.com]. Higher number of correct responses would be treated as better performer. Tests would take around 45 minutes per adolescent. |
85 feeding days (change from baseline attention at endpoint)
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Visual memory assessment [Time (seconds and milliseconds)]
Time Frame: 85 feeding days (change from baseline visual memory at endpoint)
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Visual memory assessment by test administered via The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (www.cambridgecognition.com). Correct responses within the shorter time would be treated as better performer. Tests would take around 45 minutes per adolescent. |
85 feeding days (change from baseline visual memory at endpoint)
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Height (centimetre)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Adolescents height will be measured in centimetre (cm).
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85 feeding days
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Body weight (kilogram)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Adolescents weight will be measured in kilogram (kg)
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85 feeding days
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Waist Circumference (centimetre)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Adolescents waist circumference will be measured in centimetre (cm).
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85 feeding days
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Mid-upper arm circumference (centimetre)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Adolescents mid-upper arm circumference will be measured in centimetre (cm).
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85 feeding days
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Hip circumference (centimetre)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Adolescents hip circumference will be measured in centimetre
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85 feeding days
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BMI (kg/m^2)
Time Frame: 85 feeding days
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Adolescents BMI (kg/m^2) will be calculated by combining weight and height.
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85 feeding days
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Albert Vandenberg, PhD, University of Saskatchewan
Publications and helpful links
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (ACTUAL)
Primary Completion (ACTUAL)
Study Completion (ANTICIPATED)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (ACTUAL)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (ACTUAL)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- Bio# 17-177
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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