CMR Evaluation of Myocardial Inflammation Persistence After Acute Myocarditis: Prognostic Relevance (MIAMI)

October 4, 2019 updated by: Antonio Esposito

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Myocardial Inflammation Persistence After Acute Myocarditis: Prognostic Relevance

Patients with acute myocarditis (AM) usually experience spontaneous healing, but a considerable percentage of them evolve towards chronic long-term cardiac impairment. The evolution towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) occurs in a subtle manner, frequently after an initial recover that mimics complete healing. Differences in the course of the disease may reflect the course of underlying myocardial inflammation related to viral clearance or persistence and to the following autoimmune response.

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) mapping parameters have been developed for the quantification of edema and necrosis, showing high diagnostic accuracy. No mapping parameter has been developed for the assessment of the third Lake Louise criteria, namely the hyperemia, and, furthermore, their prognostic role is not completely understood.

The study hypothesis is that the early-enhanced T1 mapping parameter may have great diagnostic accuracy for myocarditis, and that a short-term monitoring with a complete CMR protocol at 2 month after symptoms onset may identify the subgroup of patients at high risk of progression towards DCM.

The results of this study will help to significantly improve diagnostic performances of CMR and may help to manage patients with AM.

Study Overview

Status

Unknown

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Background and Significance:

In patients with acute myocarditis (AM), spontaneous improvement can be observed in the majority of cases, but progression towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a not rare outcome (around 20% of patients) (Feldmann N Engl J Med 2000;343:1388-98). Differences in the course of the disease may reflect the course of the underlying viral infection. In a large series of patients with AM submitted to two endo-myocardial biopsies (EMBs) in few months, Kuhl demonstrated that viral clearance was associated with spontaneous ejection fraction (EF) improvement, while EF did not improve or even deteriorated in patients with viral and myocardial inflammation persistence (Kühl Circulation 2005;111:887-93. Kühl Circulation 2005;112:1965-70). However, repeated EMBs cannot be proposed in the clinical routine and, hence, non-invasive detection of the subgroup of patients with inflammation persistence should have important implications. Today, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is recognized as an accurate non-invasive imaging tool to diagnose acute myocarditis, because of its ability to detect myocardial inflammation and necrosis (Friedrich J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1475-87).

The introduction of mapping techniques has significantly improved CMR sensitivity, allowing to detect both focal and diffuse involvement, with a substantial benefit in the convalescent phase where conventional Lake Louise criteria often fail.

However, no technical development has been performed for the evaluation of Early Gadolinium Enhancement (EGE), which continues to be assessed on T1-w images, being the less robust Lake Louise criteria and eliminated from the updated Lake Louise criteria [Ferreira J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72(24):3158-76.].

Therefore, there are two major clinical needs: (a) the first being the improvement in diagnosis fulfilling the lack in technical advancement in the setting of EGE evaluation, (b) the second being risk-stratification and prediction of prognosis. The study hypothesis is that the development of a quantitative method based on T1 mapping for the assessment of EGE may be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Then, the assessment of early changes in CMR parameters at a short-term CMR study (2 months after symptoms onset) may have great value in outcome prediction.

Preliminary data: A previous study performed on patients with chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy demonstrated that the positivity of CMR parameters of necrosis (LGE) and inflammation (oedema) is significantly higher in patients with an active inflammation at EMB, compared to patients with borderline histological criteria (De Cobelli 2006 JACC;47:1649-54). These data suggest the possibility to detect with CMR the persistence of subtle myocardial inflammation after the acute phase in patients with myocarditis.

Moreover, Wagner and Colleagues demonstrated, in a small group of patients, a correlation between CMR evidence of myocardial hyperaemia persistence 4 weeks after the onset of acute myocarditis and negative left ventricular (LV) remodelling 30 months later (Wagner A 2003 MAGMA;16:17-20).

Materials and Methods:

This is a prospective multicentre cohort study. 80 patients with diagnosis of acute myocarditis (AM) will be enrolled.

All patients admitted to Hospital with suspect of AM will be submitted to:

collection of detailed anamnesis and physical examination, 12-lead ECG, laboratory exams, transthoracic echocardiography, coronary catheterization or coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography when an ischemic cause of symptoms need to be excluded and CMR imaging within 3-5 days.

CMR protocol will include Lake-Louise criteria, parametric mappings (native T1, T2 mapping and ECV), with an additional early-enhanced T1 mapping acquired 2 minutes after gadolinium injection.

All patients with clinically or EMB confirmed diagnosis of AM will be enrolled and will undergo a second CMR study 2 month later.

All patients will undergo a clinical/instrumental follow-up including: CMR assessment of LV ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume after at least 1 year from diagnosis; registration of all-cause mortality, cardiac death and aborted cardiac sudden death in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).

Impact and Translational Implications:

Myocarditis is characterized by significant heterogeneity of long-term evolution. CMR could play a key role in the non-invasive and early identification of patients with persistent myocardial inflammation, at high risk to evolve towards an irreversible post-myocarditis heart failure. Thus, CMR may help to design tailored management of patients. In this perspective, invasive characterization of damage mechanism and aetiology might be reserved to patients with CMR evidence of inflammation persistence.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Anticipated)

80

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Italy
      • Milano, Italy, 20132
        • Recruiting
        • Irccs San Raffaele
        • Contact:
          • Antonio Esposito
      • Roma, Italy
        • Recruiting
        • Policlinico Umberto I
        • Contact:
          • Nicola Galea
      • Torino, Italy
        • Recruiting
        • AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza
        • Contact:
          • Riccardo Faletti

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 80 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of at least 1 of the subsequent clinical features [12]:

    • Acute chest pain (pericarditic, or pseudo-ischaemic)
    • New-onset dyspnoea at rest or during exercise
    • Fatigue with or without left/right heart failure signs
    • Palpitation or unexplained arrhythmia symptoms or syncope or aborted sudden cardiac death
    • Unexplained cardiogenic shock

  • Associated with at least 1 of the subsequent diagnostic criteria [12]:

    • Newly abnormal 12 lead ECG and/or Holter and/or stress testing, any of the following: I to III degree atrioventricular block, or bundle branch block, ST/T wave change, sinus arrest, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and asystole, atrial fibrillation, reduced R wave height, intraventricular conduction delay, abnormal Q waves, low voltage, frequent premature beats, supraventricular tachycardia
    • Myocardial injury markers (elevated troponin T/Troponin I)
    • New, otherwise unexplained left ventricular (LV) and/or right ventricular (RV) functional and/or structural abnormalities on cardiac imaging (echo/angio/CMR) compatible with acute myocarditis and excluding other diseases
  • Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of cardiomyopathies
  • Coronary artery disease (coronary catheterization or CT angiography will be performed when coronary artery disease need to be excluded in consideration of signs and symptoms)
  • ICD or pacemaker
  • Inability to hold breath or to lay down for 45 min
  • Claustrophobia
  • Recent history of alimentary/alcoholic/respiratory intoxication
  • CMR diagnostic criteria suggestive of other cardiac disease explaining signs and symptoms (e.g. myocardial infarction with patent coronary arteries, tako-tsubo syndrome)
  • Risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2)
  • History of allergic reaction to MR contrast media
  • Pregnancy or breast-feeding

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Patients with Acute Myocarditis
Patients undergoing Cardiac Magnetic Resonance at baseline, 2 month, 1 year.
Diagnostic test: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Additional CMR study 2 month after the initial diagnosis of acute myocarditis to assess myocardial inflammation persistence (2-month-CMR).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Improvement in CMR diagnosis with early enhanced T1 mapping and early changes in CMR parameters reflecting inflammation activity
Time Frame: Baseline; 2 month
T2 ratio; LGE (Late Gadolinium Enhancement); native T1 relaxation time; T2 relaxation time; extracellular volume fraction (ECV); early enhanced T1 relaxation time; baseline; 2 month; delta (2 month - baseline).
Baseline; 2 month
MACE and left ventricular remodelling
Time Frame: Inclusion; 2 month

Major adverse cardiac events (MACE): cardiac death; aborted sudden cardiac death; all-cause mortality.

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LV EDV); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).
Inclusion; 2 month

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Antonio Esposito

Collaborators

Ministry of Health, Italy

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Antonio Esposito, Irccs San Raffaele

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

December 6, 2016

Primary Completion (Anticipated)

August 31, 2020

Study Completion (Anticipated)

August 31, 2020

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

May 3, 2018

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 3, 2018

First Posted (Actual)

May 15, 2018

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

October 8, 2019

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

October 4, 2019

Last Verified

October 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • MIAMI GR-2013-02356832

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

No

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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