Feasibility of the Mindfulness Flow Program (MFP) on Archers

Examining the Feasibility of the Mindfulness Flow Program (MFP) on Archers

Mindfulness-based interventions have gained popularity among elite athletes, but their effectiveness for enhancing archery performance remains inconsistent. This study examined the feasibility of a 12-week mindfulness flow program (MFP) specifically designed for archers, and assessed the effect of the MFP on shooting performance. The intervention aims to enhance shooting performance, mindfulness, and the flow state, while reducing post-intervention anxiety.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Athletes
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Mindfulness Flow Program

Detailed Description

The primary goal of the present study was to test the feasibility of a prototype mindfulness flow program (MFP), with 11 sessions conducted via Zoom video meeting and one in-person session of sport-specific session. Additionally, the program seeks to examine the psychological outcomes associated with the intervention specifically among archery athletes. It is anticipated that the experimental group will show reduced anxiety levels and increased levels of mindfulness and flow when comparing their baseline and post-intervention assessments. This study explores the potential of delivering mindfulness programs conveniently to sport populations via the internet, supplemented by one face-to-face sport-specific session to enhance mindfulness and improve sports performance among athletes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 12
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong, Hong Kong
    • Lion Rock Archery Venue

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• at least one year of archery training experience and training for at least two hours per week

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants who had previously participated in a mindfulness session were excluded

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Mindfulness Flow Program; Mindfulness flow program, with 11 sessions conducted via Zoom video meeting and one in-person session of sport-specific session.	Behavioral: Mindfulness Flow Program; The mindfulness flow program (MFP) consisted of eleven 60-minute sessions via Zoom, with one session per week. Additionally, a 120-minute in-person sport-specific session were conducted.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Feasibility of the Mindfulness Flow Program (MFP)	To assess the feasibility of the MFP, the athletes completed a feedback evaluation questionnaire adapted from Kuyken immediately after the end of the intervention (Kuyken et al., 2013). The questionnaire included questions about the number of sessions attended, the frequency of mindfulness practice after class, and the likelihood of continuing to use what they had learned from the course and of introducing the course to other athletes. The athletes rated their enjoyment of each session, on a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disliked) to 10 (strongly liked).	up to two weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Shooting scores	Shooting scores was assessed using the World Archery Federation's qualifying competition procedures (World Archery Federation, 2022). All of the shooters were required to complete 72 shots. The total scores for the 72 shots were used for further analysis. Higher total scores indicated better shooting performance.	up to 20 weeks
Cognitive State Anxiety	Cognitive state anxiety was assessed using the the Chinese Version (Cox et al., 2003) of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Questionnaire (CSAI-2; Martens et al., 1990). The cognitive state anxiety scale consisted of nine items. Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Higher scores indicate higher cognitive state anxiety level.	up to 20 weeks
Somatic State Anxiety	Somatic state anxiety was assessed using the Chinese Version (Cox et al., 2003) of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Questionnaire (CSAI-2; Martens et al., 1990). The somatic state anxiety scale consisted of nine items. Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Higher scores indicate higher somatic state anxiety level.	up to 20 weeks
Self-confidence	Self-confidence was assessed using the Chinese Version (Cox et al., 2003) of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Questionnaire (CSAI-2; Martens et al., 1990). The self-confidence scale consisted of nine items. Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Higher scores indicate higher self-confidence level.	up to 20 weeks
Mindfulness	Mindfulness were assessed using the Chinese version (Deng et al., 2011) of Five facets mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) (Baer et al., 2006), with 39 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never or very rarely true; 5 = very often or always true). Higher scores indicate higher mindfulness level	up to 20 weeks
Flow state	Flow state was assessed using the Chinese Version (Liu, 2010) of the Short Dispositional Flow Scale (SDFS; Jackson et al., 2008). The nine SDFS items were scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always), where a higher score indicates a higher overall flow state.	up to 20 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Hong Kong Metropolitan University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Mum Yee Tse, PhD, Hong Kong Metropolitan University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 20, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 10, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): September 17, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 18, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 22, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): September 29, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): September 29, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 22, 2023
• Last Verified: September 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: HKMetU20210320

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No