Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Single and Multi-Joint Exercises with BFR and EMS in Male Volleyball Players (PAPE-BFR-EMS)
March 7, 2025 updated by: Neslihan AKÇAY, Karabuk University
Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Multi- Vs Single-Joint Movements: a Comparative Study of BFR and EMS in Male Volleyball Athletes
Investigators used a randomized controlled crossover design to compare the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) and electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) protocols on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in multi-joint versus single-joint exercises.
Participants took part in six test sessions 72 hours apart.
In the BFR group, 50% of the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) was used.
In the EMS group, a 75 Hz current was applied.
In the Low Resistance exercise group, only exercise was performed without any condition.
Bench press (multi-joint) and triceps push-down (single-joint) exercises were used in the conditions.
Study Overview
Status
Active, not recruiting
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Participants took part in six test sessions 72 hours apart.
All tests were performed between 2 and 4 pm to reduce the influence of circadian rhythms or fatigue on performance.
Anthropometric measurements, 1 RM test, and grip strength and serving speed tests were determined before the practice session on the first day as a control condition.
On the other six experimental days, players were randomly assigned to protocols (BFR, EMS, and LOW-LOAD) using software (http://www.randomizer.org).
In the BFR group, 50% of the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) was used.
In the EMS group, a 75 Hz current was applied.
In the Low Resistance exercise group, only exercise was performed without any condition.
Bench press (multi-joint) and triceps push-down (single-joint) exercises were used in the conditions.
In all protocols, participants performed a standardized warm-up protocol consisting of a 5-minute run at 9 km/h on a treadmill and a general warm-up consisting of 3 minutes of whole-body light stretching exercises.
Following the warm-up and pre-exercise protocols, grip strength and service speed tests were performed with rest periods.
Study Type
Interventional
Enrollment (Estimated)
15
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.
Study Locations
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Karabük, Turkey, 78200
- Karabuk University
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Participation Criteria
Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
- Adult
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being healthy
- Male volleyball athletes
- Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
Exclusion Criteria:
- Being under 18 years old
- Having a chronic disease
- Contraindication for Electromyostimulation (EMS)
- Contraindication for Blood Flow Restriction (BFR)
- Contraindications for exercise
Study Plan
This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
- Masking: Triple
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
|---|---|
|
Active Comparator: Blood flow restriction
In the BFR group, 50% of the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) was used.Bench press (multi-joint) and triceps push-down (single-joint) exercises were used in the conditions.
|
The arterial occlusion pressures (AOP) of the athletes randomized to the experimental group will be obtained automatically with the digital LED display CAC device BFR Unit (Fit Cuffs BFR Unit, Denmark).
The AOP pressure device BFR Unit (Fit Cuffs BFR Unit, Denmark) will be used to apply 50% occlusion pressure during exercise.
Bench press and triceps push down exercises will be performed with 30% 1TM, 30-15-15-15 repetitions and thirty seconds rest between sets.
Other Names:
|
|
Active Comparator: Electrical muscle stimulation
In the EMS group, a 75 Hz current was applied.
Bench press (multi-joint) and triceps push-down (single-joint) exercises were used in the conditions.
|
EMS will be applied bilaterally to the wrist flexor and elbow extensor muscles using a portable EMS stimulator (Compex Rehab 400, Medicompex SA, Ecublens, Switzerland).
Four 2 mm thick, self-adhesive electrodes (5x5 cm) will be placed on the superficial aspect of each muscle group.
The athletes will simultaneously receive EMS intervention with a pulse frequency of 75 Hz and a duration of 400 μs (19 seconds rest between pulses) during bench press and triceps pushdown exercises.
Bench press and triceps push down exercises will be performed with 30% 1TM, 30-15-15-15 repetitions and thirty seconds rest between sets.
Other Names:
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Active Comparator: Low Load Resistance Exercise
In the Low Resistance Exercise group, only exercise was performed without any condition (BFR or EMS.
Bench press (multi-joint) and triceps push-down (single-joint) exercises were used in the conditions.
|
Bench press and triceps pushdown exercises will be performed with 30% 1RM, 30-15-15-15 repetitions and 30 seconds rest between sets.
Other Names:
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Service speed
Time Frame: From baseline to the end of treatment at 8 weeks
|
Service speed will assess by standard radar apparatus (Net Playz Smart Pro Speed Radar, USA) and will record in km/h.
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From baseline to the end of treatment at 8 weeks
|
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Hand Grip strength
Time Frame: From baseline to the end of treatment at 8 weeks
|
Hand grip strength will assess by hand grip dynamometer (Takei 5,101, Tokyo, Japan) and will record in kg.
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From baseline to the end of treatment at 8 weeks
|
Other Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Anthropometric Measurements 1
Time Frame: Baseline
|
Participants' height (cm) will assess by using a stadiometer (Holtain Stadiometer, England).
|
Baseline
|
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Anthropometric Measurements 3
Time Frame: Baseline
|
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) will asses by Inbody 270 (Biospace, California, USA).
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Baseline
|
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Anthropometric Measurements 2
Time Frame: Baseline
|
Body weight (kg) will asses by Inbody 270 (Biospace, California, USA).
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Baseline
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Bench Press 1Repetition maximum Test
Time Frame: Baseline
|
The 1RM values of the participants will assess by using a bench press machine.
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Baseline
|
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Triceps Push Down 1 repetition maximum Test
Time Frame: Baseline
|
The participants will instruct to assume a standing position in front of the triceps push-down machine, holding the bar with both hands in the pronated position at shoulder width.
During the execution of this exercise, the participants will maintain their arms near their torso, ensuring that there was no contact between the arms and the body.
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Baseline
|
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Anthropometric Measurements 4
Time Frame: Baseline
|
Body fat percentage (%) will asses by Inbody 270 (Biospace, California, USA). Baseline |
Baseline
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Collaborators and Investigators
This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.
Sponsor
Investigators
- Study Chair: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate, Karabuk University
Publications and helpful links
The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.
Study record dates
These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
February 10, 2025
Primary Completion (Estimated)
August 9, 2025
Study Completion (Estimated)
October 29, 2025
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
February 25, 2025
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
March 7, 2025
First Posted (Actual)
March 25, 2025
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
March 25, 2025
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
March 7, 2025
Last Verified
March 1, 2025
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Other Study ID Numbers
- UKarabuk-2
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
UNDECIDED
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
No
product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.
No
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