Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in Turkish

Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in a Geriatric Population in Turkish

The aim of this research is to adapt the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish and to evaluate its suitability for the Turkish elderly population through validity and reliability analyses. After the cultural adaptation process is completed, the construct validity of the scale will be evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; its reliability will be assessed through internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability over time (ICC). Accordingly, the study aims to provide a valid and reliable assessment tool for clinicians and researchers who wish to evaluate individual experiences in exergaming-based interventions.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Elderly; Geriatric
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Validity and reliability assessments

Detailed Description

While regular exercise plays a critical role in maintaining the physical and cognitive health of the growing elderly population, barriers such as lack of motivation, physical limitations, and boredom restrict participation in exercise among the elderly. Multimodal "exergaming" applications, which combine exercise and gamification dynamics, offer an innovative and enjoyable alternative that enhances the motivation, balance, cognitive skills, and coordination of older individuals. The long-term success of exergaming interventions and the sustainability of participation should be evaluated not only by physical outcomes but also by psychosocial motivational parameters such as enjoyment, flow, and sense of control derived from the game. The Exergame Experience Questionnaire (EEQ) stands out in the literature for measuring this experience. However, the EEQ scale, in its current form, is only valid within the English-speaking cultural context. Despite the increasing prevalence of exergaming applications in Türkiye, the lack of a psychometrically robust and culturally adapted measurement tool capable of evaluating this experience in a multidimensional way hinders the individualization of interventions and the measurement of their effectiveness. This study aims to address this deficiency.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 46

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: GULFİDAN TOKGÖZ, Lecturer, PhD (c); Phone Number: 0552 022 76 32; Email: gulfidan.tokgoz@gmail.com

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Balıkesir, Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Balıkesir Üniversitesi
    • Contact: GULFİDAN TOKGÖZ, Lecturer, PhD (c); Phone Number: 0552 022 76 32; Email: gulfidan.tokgoz@gmail.com
    • Sub-Investigator: Bilal Katipoğlu, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
    • Sub-Investigator: Nilay ARMAN, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population consists of individuals aged 65 and over residing in the city center of Balıkesir. Accordingly, the sample group will be comprised of volunteer elderly individuals who meet the specified inclusion criteria, have a cognitive capacity suitable for data collection, and have experience with the exergaming applications included in the study protocol.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being 65 years of age or older
• Having participated in an exergaming application at least once before
• Not having a physical, sensory or cognitive disability that would prevent participation in the exergaming application
• Agreeing to participate voluntarily and providing informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals with active neurological, vestibular, or psychiatric disorders
2. Individuals diagnosed with moderate or severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24 and/or MoCA < 21)
3. Individuals with severe hearing or vision loss
4. Individuals who are physically unable to participate in exergaming due to cardiopulmonary or orthopedic reasons
5. Individuals with no prior exergaming experience
6. Individuals who experience significant communication difficulties
7. Participants who do not sign the voluntary consent form

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Intervention / Treatment

Geriartric Indivıduals; The study population consists of individuals aged 65 and over residing in the city center of Balıkesir.

Other: Validity and reliability assessments; The adaptation process of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish will be carried out following the forward-backward translation method proposed by Beaton et al. (2000), which has international validity. In this context, the scale will first be translated from English to Turkish by two independent translators, one a healthcare specialist and the other a professional language expert. These two translations will then be compared to create a common preliminary text; subsequently, this text will be translated back into English by two independent translators whose native language is English and who are familiar with the conceptual content, and any loss of meaning will be evaluated. The resulting Turkish draft will be reviewed by an expert panel for cultural appropriateness, linguistic clarity, and conceptual equivalent; necessary adjustments will be made. Finally, the scale will be piloted on 10 elderly individuals selected from the target population, and feedback on the com

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ)	The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) is a self-report, multidimensional measurement tool developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in exercise-based digital games (Fitzgerald et al.). The scale allows for a comprehensive assessment of both the structural characteristics of the digital game and the experience related to physical activity (Fitzgerald et al.). The original form of the EEQ consists of a total of 20 items, adapted from scales such as the Game Engagement Questionnaire (GEQ), Immersive Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which have previously proven their validity and reliability (Fitzgerald et al.). Each item is answered using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The scale items are structured in four sub-dimensions: Immersion, Intrinsically Rewarding Activity, User Control, and Exercise Experience. O	2 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES)	The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES) is a self-report psychometric scale developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in physical activity (Mullen et al., 2011; Özkurt et al., 2022). The Turkish adapted version of the scale was introduced to the Turkish population by Özkurt et al. (2022) after completing the cultural adaptation process and validity and reliability analyses. PAES has a single-factor structure consisting of 8 items. Each item is answered with a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree) (Özkurt et al., 2022). High scores obtained from the scale indicate that the individual experiences a high level of enjoyment during physical activity. The scale's internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) and composite reliability value (CR = 0.95) were found to be high, indicating that the scale has strong psychometric properties (Özkurt et al.,	1 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Özkurt, B., Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2022). Fiziksel Aktivitelerden Keyif Alma Ölçeği (FAKÖ): Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.976300
• Fitzgerald, A., Huang, S., Sposato, K., Wang, D., Claypool, M., & Agu, E. (2020). The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ): An instrument for measuring exergame enjoyment. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).

Helpful Links

• LİNK
• LİNK

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): April 30, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): May 15, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): September 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 25, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 25, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): May 1, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 1, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 25, 2026
• Last Verified: April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: exercise; geriatrics; validation; exercise enjoyment
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavior; Motor Activity
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2026/45

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No