The Effect of IoT-based Smart Exercises System in the Senior Adults: Coordination

Smart Health Care and Innovative Technology Service Model Plan: Development of Innovative Health Promotion System for Senior Adults

Subjects are divided into two groups, (1) Control (Ctrl) and (2) Smart Exercise (SE) group. Participants in the Ctrl group are instructed to perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly, with each session lasting 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist. Participants in the SE group perform combined muscle strength and coordination training using the Smart Exercise System twice weekly, with each session lasting 30 minutes, for 12 weeks. Physical fitness tests, coordination tests, and questionnaires are administered to participants in both groups before and after the 12-week exercise program.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Older Adults
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Exercises; Device: Smart Exercise program

Detailed Description

Participants are divided into two groups: (1) the Control (Ctrl) group and (2) the Smart Exercise (SE) group. Participants in both groups are instructed to perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes.

Participants in the Ctrl group perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist.

Participants in the SE group perform muscle strength and coordination training using an upgraded smart exercise system. The smart exercise system consists of an upper-extremity cycle ergometer (UEE) and a lower-extremity cycle ergometer (LEE). Participants in the SE group complete one session using the UEE and one session using the LEE per week, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, for 12 weeks.

Physical fitness tests, coordination tests, and questionnaires are administered to participants in both groups before and after the 12-week exercise program. Changes in physical fitness, coordination, and questionnaire outcomes are compared between the two groups.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 100
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Li-Chieh Kuo, Ph. D.; Phone Number: 886-62353535 Ext. 5908; Email: jkkuo@mail.ncku.edu.tw
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Chih-Chun Lin, Ph. D.; Phone Number: 886-62757575 Ext. 58420; Email: z9902026@email.ncku.edu.tw

Study Locations

• Taiwan
  • Taiwan
    • Tainan, Taiwan, Taiwan, 701
      • Recruiting
      • National Cheng-Kung University
      • Contact: Li-Chieh Kuo, Ph. D.; Phone Number: 886-62353535 Ext. 5908; Email: jkkuo@mail.ncku.edu.tw

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult over 50 years old
• No significant limb disability or joint deformation
• No history of cardiovascular disease
• Never lost balance due to dizziness in the past 12 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• limb disability or joint deformation
• history of cardiovascular disease
• lost balance due to dizziness in the past 12 months
• cognitive deficits

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Control group; Participants in the Ctrl group perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist.	Behavioral: Exercises; Participants in the Ctrl group perform combined muscle strength and coordination exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, following an exercise guide recommended by a physical therapist.
Experimental: Smart Exercise group; Participants in the SE group perform muscle strength and coordination training using an upgraded smart exercise system. The smart exercise system consists of an upper-extremity cycle ergometer (UEE) and a lower-extremity cycle ergometer (LEE). Participants in the SE group complete one session using the UEE and one session using the LEE per week, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, for 12 weeks.	Device: Smart Exercise program; Participants in the SE group perform muscle strength and coordination training using an upgraded smart exercise system. The smart exercise system consists of an upper-extremity cycle ergometer (UEE) and a lower-extremity cycle ergometer (LEE). Participants in the SE group complete one session using the UEE and one session using the LEE per week, with each session lasting approximately 30 minutes, for 12 weeks.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
TUG Manual	The TUG Manual Test evaluates a senior's attentional control and dynamic balance under a motor dual-task condition. Participants perform the standard Timed Up and Go task-standing, walking three meters, turning, and sitting-while carrying a full glass of water in one hand. Instructors record the time, with scores over 14.5 seconds indicating a high risk of falling.	baseline
TUG Manual	The TUG Manual Test evaluates a senior's attentional control and dynamic balance under a motor dual-task condition. Participants perform the standard Timed Up and Go task-standing, walking three meters, turning, and sitting-while carrying a full glass of water in one hand. Instructors record the time, with scores over 14.5 seconds indicating a high risk of falling.	after 12-week intervation

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Six-minute walk test	To walk as much as possible within six minutes and measure the total distance traveled.	baseline
Six-minute walk test	To walk as much as possible within six minutes and measure the total distance traveled.	after 12-week intervention
2-minute step test	2-minute step test is to complete steps in 2 minutes. Number of full steps completed in 2 minutes is recorded.	baseline
2-minute step test	2-minute step test is to complete steps in 2 minutes. Number of full steps completed in 2 minutes is recorded.	after 12-week intervention
Single leg balance with eyes open test	Participant is instructed to stand by one leg with eye open, the number of seconds is recorded.	baseline
Single leg balance with eyes open test	Participant is instructed to stand by one leg with eye open, the number of seconds is recorded.	after 12-week intervention
SOF (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures) frailty index (Questionnaire for physical function and health status)	Risk factors for fractures and falls and has grown to look at various determinants of successful aging. Three questions about frailty and two questions about depression.	baseline
SOF (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures) frailty index (Questionnaire for physical function and health status)	Risk factors for fractures and falls and has grown to look at various determinants of successful aging. Three questions about frailty and two questions about depression.	after 12-week intervention
SARC-F	The SARC-F questionnaire is a Fast diagnostic test for SARCopenia. The questionnaire contains five items, which are Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls. The scores range from 0 to 10, with 0 to 2 points for each component. Score equal to or greater than 4 is predictive of sarcopenia and poor outcomes.	baseline
SARC-F	The SARC-F questionnaire is a Fast diagnostic test for SARCopenia. The questionnaire contains five items, which are Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls. The scores range from 0 to 10, with 0 to 2 points for each component. Score equal to or greater than 4 is predictive of sarcopenia and poor outcomes.	after 12-week intervention
EQ-5D (EuroQol- 5 Dimensions)	EQ-5D is a standardized instrument with 5-item questionnaire for measuring generic health status. EQ-5D was first introduced in 1990 by the EuroQol Group. In which health status is measured in terms of five dimensions (5D); mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Rated level can be coded as a number 1, 2, or 3, which indicates having no problems for 1, having some problems for 2, and having extreme problems for 3. As a result, a person's health status can be defined by a 5-digit number, ranging from 11111 (having no problems in all dimensions) to 33333(having extreme problems in all dimensions).	baseline
BMI	Participants's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters is recorded as Body Mass Index (BMI).	basline
BMI	Participants's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters is recorded as Body Mass Index (BMI).	after 12-week intervention
Up and Go test	Number of seconds required to get up from a seated position, walk 8 feet, turn, and return to seated position.	baseline
Up and Go test	Number of seconds required to get up from a seated position, walk 8 feet, turn, and return to seated position.	after 12-week intervention
30 second chair stand test	Number of full stands that can completed in 30 seconds with arms folded across chest.	baseline
30 second chair stand test	Number of full stands that can be completed 30 seconds with arms folded across chest.	after 12-week intervention
SMI	Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), which is the sum of the muscle masses of the four limbs as appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, is detected by TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer.	baseline
SMI	Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), which is the sum of the muscle masses of the four limbs as appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, is detected by TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer.	after 12-week intervention
Back scratch	Back scratch with one hand reaching over shoulder and one up the middle of the back, the distance (cm) between extended middle fingers is recorded.	baseline
Back scratch	Back scratch with one hand reaching over shoulder and one up the middle of the back, the distance (cm) between extended middle fingers is recorded.	after 12-week intervention
Chair sit-&-reach test	From a sitting position at front of chair, with leg extended and hands reaching toward toes, the distance (cm) between extended fingers and tip of toe is recorded.	baseline
Chair sit-&-reach test	From a sitting position at front of chair, with leg extended and hands reaching toward toes, the distance (cm) between extended fingers and tip of toe is recorded.	after 12-week intervention
Hand grip strength test	Hand grip strength test is performed by HandGRIP Dynamometer	baseline
Hand grip strength test	Hand grip strength test is performed by HandGRIP Dynamometer	after 12-week intervention
Extremity strength	Extremity strength test is performed by handheld dynamometer	baseline
Extremity strength	Extremity strength test is performed by handheld dynamometer	after 12-week intervention
Soda pop coordination	The Soda Pop Coordination Test assesses manual dexterity and hand-eye coordination. Participants use their dominant hand to flip and reposition three soda cans across six marked points as quickly as possible. Completion time is recorded.	baseline
Soda pop coordination	The Soda Pop Coordination Test assesses manual dexterity and hand-eye coordination. Participants use their dominant hand to flip and reposition three soda cans across six marked points as quickly as possible. Completion time is recorded.	after 12-week intervention
Ruler drop test	The Ruler Drop Test assesses visual reaction time and hand-eye coordination. Participants catch a ruler dropped without warning using their dominant hand. The falling distance is recorded to calculate reaction time in milliseconds.	baseline
Ruler drop test	The Ruler Drop Test assesses visual reaction time and hand-eye coordination. Participants catch a ruler dropped without warning using their dominant hand. The falling distance is recorded to calculate reaction time in milliseconds.	after 12-week intervation
Box and blocks test	The Box and Block Test assesses gross manual dexterity and upper-extremity function. Participants transfer blocks across a partition using one hand at a time. The number of blocks transferred within one minute is recorded.	baseline
Box and blocks test	The Box and Block Test assesses gross manual dexterity and upper-extremity function. Participants transfer blocks across a partition using one hand at a time. The number of blocks transferred within one minute is recorded.	after 12-week intervation
EQ-5D (EuroQol- 5 Dimensions)	EQ-5D is a standardized instrument with 5-item questionnaire for measuring generic health status. EQ-5D was first introduced in 1990 by the EuroQol Group. In which health status is measured in terms of five dimensions (5D); mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Rated level can be coded as a number 1, 2, or 3, which indicates having no problems for 1, having some problems for 2, and having extreme problems for 3. As a result, a person's health status can be defined by a 5-digit number, ranging from 11111 (having no problems in all dimensions) to 33333(having extreme problems in all dimensions).	after 12-week intervention
QUEST (Questionnaire for satisfaction)	The 8 items of the questionnaire included Dimensions, Weight, Ease in Adjusting, Safety and Security, Durability, Ease of Use, Comfortable, and Effectiveness. Each item employed a 5-point scale, with 1-point representing not satisfied at all, and 5-point representing very satisfied. Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology.	after 12-week intervention
System Usability Scale (SUS)	The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a reliable, 10-item Likert-scale questionnaire utilized to provide a global evaluation of a system's usability and user-friendliness. Each item is scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate better system usability.	after 12-week intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Cheng-Kung University Hospital
• Investigators: Study Director: Li-Chieh Kuo, Ph. D., National Cheng-Kung University Hospital

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 7, 2023
• Primary Completion (Estimated): August 31, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): August 31, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 14, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 14, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): August 19, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 19, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 14, 2026
• Last Verified: December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Older Adults; Coordination; Smart Exercises System
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Motor Activity; Movement; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena; Exercise
• Other Study ID Numbers: B-BR-106-072B

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No