Tailored exercise interventions to reduce fatigue in cancer survivors: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Rosie Twomey, Tristan Martin, John Temesi, S Nicole Culos-Reed, Guillaume Y Millet, Rosie Twomey, Tristan Martin, John Temesi, S Nicole Culos-Reed, Guillaume Y Millet

Abstract

Background: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common and distressing symptom of cancer and/or cancer treatment that persists for years after treatment completion in approximately one third of cancer survivors. Exercise is beneficial for the management of CRF, and general exercise guidelines for cancer survivors are available. There are multiple potential pathways by which exercise improves CRF, and cancer survivors with CRF are diverse with respect to cancer type, treatments and experienced side effects. While the general exercise guidelines are likely sufficient for most cancer survivors, tailoring of exercise interventions may be more effective in those with persistent fatigue. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the effect of a traditional vs. tailored exercise intervention on CRF severity in cancer survivors with persistent CRF.

Methods/design: Cancer survivors (≥ 3 months and ≤ 5 years since primary treatment) who score ≤ 34 on the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) will be randomly allocated to one of two parallel treatment arms: traditional (active control) and tailored exercise. Participants in the traditional exercise group will engage in aerobic and resistance exercise that is consistent with exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. The tailored exercise group will be prescribed an intervention designed to address individual deficits identified at baseline, such as loss of muscular strength, cardiorespiratory deconditioning or sleep disturbance. Participants will be assessed before and after the intervention for CRF severity and other patient-reported outcomes, neuromuscular function and fatigue in response to whole-body exercise, sleep quantity and quality, physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory fitness and blood biomarkers.

Discussion: To our knowledge, this will be the first study to compare the effects of a traditional vs. tailored exercise intervention on CRF severity in cancer survivors with persistent CRF. Using physiological, behavioural and patient-reported outcomes, this study will add to the current knowledge about both the factors contributing to CRF, and the potential reduction in CRF severity with an exercise intervention.

Trial registration: The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03049384 ), February, 2017.

Keywords: Central fatigue; Peripheral fatigue; Sleep; Transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study has been approved by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta Cancer Committee (HREBA.CC-16-1010). Written informed consent is obtained from each participant prior to participation in the study (see Lab Visit #1 for more information on the informed consent process).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the study design
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A schematic illustrating: (panel a) the neuromuscular assessment performed pre- and post-exercise; (panel b) the intermediate neuromuscular assessments performed every 3 min as part of the intermittent cycling protocol; (panel c) the cycle ergometer; and (panel d) the intermittent cycling protocol including neuromuscular assessments. MVC, maximal voluntary contraction; 75 and 50%, the percentage of the preceding MVC; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; FNES, femoral nerve electrical stimulation

References

    1. Williams LA, Bohac C, Hunter S, Cella D. Patient and health care provider perceptions of cancer-related fatigue and pain. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24:4357–4363. doi: 10.1007/s00520-016-3275-2.
    1. Kuppuswamy A. The fatigue conundrum. Brain. 2017;140:2240–2245. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx153.
    1. Berger AM, Mooney K, Alvarez-Perez A, Breitbart WS, Carpenter KM, Cella D, et al. Cancer-related fatigue, version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2015;13:1012–1039. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2015.0122.
    1. Yellen SB, Cella DF, Webster K, Blendowski C, Kaplan E. Measuring fatigue and other anemia-related symptoms with the functional assessment of Cancer therapy (FACT) measurement system. J Pain Symptom Manag. 1997;13:63–74. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(96)00274-6.
    1. Minton O, Stone P. A systematic review of the scales used for the measurement of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) Ann Oncol. 2008;20:17–25. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdn537.
    1. Dantzer R, Meagher MW, Cleeland CS. Translational approaches to treatment-induced symptoms in cancer patients. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012;9:414–426. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.88.
    1. Jones JM, Olson K, Catton P, Catton CN, Fleshner NE, Krzyzanowska MK, et al. Cancer-related fatigue and associated disability in post-treatment cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv. 2016;10:51–61. doi: 10.1007/s11764-015-0450-2.
    1. Abrahams HJG, Gielissen MFM, Schmits IC, Verhagen CA, Rovers MM, Knoop H. Risk factors, prevalence, and course of severe fatigue after breast cancer treatment: a meta-analysis involving 12 327 breast cancer survivors. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:965–974. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw099.
    1. Spratt DE, Sakae M, Riaz N, Lok BH, Essandoh S, Hsu M, et al. Time course and predictors for cancer-related fatigue in a series of oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with chemoradiation therapy. Oncologist. 2012;17:569–576. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0437.
    1. Canadian Cancer Society’s Advisory Committee on Cancer Statistics . Canadian Cancer Statistics 2017. Toronto: Canadian Cancer Society; 2017.
    1. Goldstein D, Bennett BK, Webber K, Boyle F, de Souza PL, Wilcken NRC, et al. Cancer-related fatigue in women with breast cancer: outcomes of a 5-year prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1805–1812. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.34.6148.
    1. Islam T, Dahlui M, Majid H, Nahar A, Mohd Taib N, Su T, et al. Factors associated with return to work of breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:S8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-S3-S8.
    1. Bower JE, Ganz PA, Desmond KA, Rowland JH, Meyerowitz BE, Belin TR. Fatigue in breast cancer survivors: occurrence, correlates, and impact on quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:743–753. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.4.743.
    1. Barsevick AM, Irwin MR, Hinds P, Miller A, Berger A, Jacobsen P, et al. Recommendations for high-priority research on cancer-related fatigue in children and adults. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105:1432–1440. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt242.
    1. Minton O, Berger A, Barsevick A, Cramp F, Goedendorp M, Mitchell SA, et al. Cancer-related fatigue and its impact on functioning. Cancer. 2013;119:2124–2130. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28058.
    1. Saligan LN, Olson K, Filler K, Larkin D, Cramp F, Sriram Y, et al. The biology of cancer-related fatigue: a review of the literature. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23:2461–2478. doi: 10.1007/s00520-015-2763-0.
    1. Tariman J, Dhorajiwala S. Genomic variants associated with cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2016;20:537–546. doi: 10.1188/16.CJON.537-546.
    1. Bower JE, Lamkin DM. Inflammation and cancer-related fatigue: mechanisms, contributing factors, and treatment implications. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;30:S48–S57. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.06.011.
    1. LaVoy ECP, Fagundes CP, Dantzer R. Exercise, inflammation, and fatigue in cancer survivors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2016;22:82–93.
    1. Argilés JM, Busquets S, Stemmler B, López-Soriano FJ. Cancer cachexia: understanding the molecular basis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:754–762. doi: 10.1038/nrc3829.
    1. Grisold W, Grisold A, Löscher WN. Neuromuscular complications in cancer. J Neurol Sci. 2016;367:184–202. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.06.002.
    1. Jones LW, Eves ND, Haykowsky M, Freedland SJ, Mackey JR. Exercise intolerance in cancer and the role of exercise therapy to reverse dysfunction. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:598–605. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70031-2.
    1. McAuley E, White SM, Rogers LQ, Motl RW, Courneya KS. Physical activity and fatigue in breast cancer and multiple sclerosis: psychosocial mechanisms. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:88–96. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181c68157.
    1. Roscoe JA, Kaufman ME, Matteson-Rusby SE, Palesh OG, Ryan JL, Kohli S, et al. Cancer-related fatigue and sleep disorders. Oncologist. 2007;12:35–42. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.12-S1-35.
    1. Minton O, Richardson A, Sharpe M, Hotopf M, Stone P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pharmacological treatment of cancer-related fatigue. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:1155–1166. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn250.
    1. Runowicz CD, Leach CR, Henry NL, Henry KS, Mackey HT, Cowens-Alvarado RL, et al. American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology breast Cancer survivorship care guideline. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:43–73. doi: 10.3322/caac.21319.
    1. Bower JE, Bak K, Berger A, Breitbart W, Escalante CP, Ganz PA, et al. Screening, assessment, and management of fatigue in adult survivors of cancer: an American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1840–1850. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.53.4495.
    1. Goedendorp MM, Gielissen MF, Verhagen CA, Bleijenberg G. Psychosocial interventions for reducing fatigue during cancer treatment in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD006953. 10.1002/14651858.CD006953.pub2.
    1. Cramp F, Byron-Daniel J. Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD006145.
    1. Mustian KM, Alfano CM, Heckler C, Kleckner AS, Kleckner IR, Leach CR, et al. Comparison of pharmaceutical, psychological, and exercise treatments for cancer-related fatigue: a meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:961–968. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6914.
    1. Meneses-Echávez JF, González-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Vélez R. Supervised exercise reduces cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review. J. Physiother. 2015;61:3–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2014.08.019.
    1. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Exercise and cancer-related fatigue in adults: a systematic review of previous systematic reviews with meta-analyses. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:693. doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3687-5.
    1. Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, Demark-Wahnefried W, DA GO, Pinto BM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2010;42:1409–1426. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e0c112.
    1. Campbell A, Stevinson C, Crank H. The BASES expert statement on exercise and cancer survivorship. J Sports Sci. 2012;30:949–952. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.671953.
    1. Hayes SC, Spence RR, Galvão DA, Newton RU. Australian Association for Exercise and Sport Science position stand: optimising cancer outcomes through exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12:428–434. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.002.
    1. Segal R, Zwaal C, Green E, Tomasone JR, Loblaw A, Petrella T, et al. Exercise for people with cancer: a clinical practice guideline. Curr Oncol. 2017;24:40. doi: 10.3747/co.24.3376.
    1. Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Meyerhardt J, Courneya KS, Schwartz AL, et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:242–274. doi: 10.3322/caac.21142.
    1. van der Leeden M, Huijsmans RJ, Geleijn E, de Rooij M, Konings IR, Buffart LM, et al. Tailoring exercise interventions to comorbidities and treatment-induced adverse effects in patients with early stage breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a framework to support clinical decisions. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40:486–496. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1260647.
    1. Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:1–72. doi: 10.1111/sms.12581.
    1. Kalter J, Kampshoff CS, Chinapaw MJM, van Mechelen W, Galindo-Garre F, Schep G, et al. Mediators of exercise effects on HRQoL in cancer survivors after chemotherapy. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2016;48:1859–1865. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000976.
    1. Kay DB, Buysse DJ, Germain A, Hall M, Monk TH. Subjective-objective sleep discrepancy among older adults: associations with insomnia diagnosis and insomnia treatment. J Sleep Res. 2015;24:32–39. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12220.
    1. Mercier J, Savard J, Bernard P. Exercise interventions to improve sleep in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;36:43–56.
    1. Medysky ME, Temesi J, Culos-Reed SN, Millet GY. Exercise, sleep and cancer-related fatigue: are they related? Neurophysiol Clin. 2017;47:111–122. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.03.001.
    1. Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Translating fatigue to human performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2228–2238. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000929.
    1. Kluger BM, Krupp LB, Enoka RM. Fatigue and fatigability in neurologic illnesses: proposal for a unified taxonomy. Neurology. 2013;80:409–416. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f07be.
    1. Twomey R, Aboodarda SJ, Kruger R, Culos-Reed SN, Temesi J, Millet GY. Neuromuscular fatigue during exercise: methodological considerations, etiology and potential role in chronic fatigue. Neurophysiol Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;47:95–110. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.03.002.
    1. Millet GY, Bachasson D, Temesi J, Wuyam B, Féasson L, Vergès S, et al. Potential interests and limits of magnetic and electrical stimulation techniques to assess neuromuscular fatigue. Neuromuscul Disord. 2012;22:181–186. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.10.007.
    1. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120:2008–2039. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016.
    1. Schwenkreis P, Voigt M, Hasenbring M, Tegenthoff M, Vorgerd M, Kley RA. Central mechanisms during fatiguing muscle exercise in muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia syndrome: a study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:479–484. doi: 10.1002/mus.21920.
    1. Mhalla A, de Andrade DC, Baudic S, Perrot S, Bouhassira D. Alteration of cortical excitability in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2010;149:495–500. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.03.009.
    1. Kuppuswamy A, Clark EV, Turner IF, Rothwell JC, Ward NS. Post-stroke fatigue: a deficit in corticomotor excitability? Brain. 2015;138:136–148. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu306.
    1. Yavuzsen T, Davis MP, Ranganathan VK, Walsh D, Siemionow V, Kirkova J, et al. Cancer-related fatigue: central or peripheral? J Pain Symptom Manag. 2009;38:587–596. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.12.003.
    1. Kisiel-Sajewicz K, Siemionow V, Seyidova-Khoshknabi D, Davis MP, Wyant A, Ranganathan VK, et al. Myoelectrical manifestation of fatigue less prominent in patients with cancer related fatigue. PLoS One. 2013;8:e83636. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083636.
    1. Kisiel-Sajewicz K, Davis MP, Siemionow V, Seyidova-Khoshknabi D, Wyant A, Walsh D, et al. Lack of muscle contractile property changes at the time of perceived physical exhaustion suggests central mechanisms contributing to early motor task failure in patients with cancer-related fatigue. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2012;44:351–361. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.08.007.
    1. Cai B, Allexandre D, Rajagopalan V, Jiang Z, Siemionow V, Ranganathan VK, et al. Evidence of significant central fatigue in patients with cancer-related fatigue during repetitive elbow flexions till perceived exhaustion. PLoS One. 2014;9:e115370. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115370.
    1. Alt CA, Gore EM, Montagnini ML, Ng AV. Muscle endurance, cancer-related fatigue, and radiotherapy in prostate cancer survivors. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:415–424. doi: 10.1002/mus.21913.
    1. Monga U, Jaweed M, Kerrigan AJ, Lawhon L, Johnson J, Vallbona C, et al. Neuromuscular fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:961–966. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90058-7.
    1. Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M, Jackson PI, MacDonald RN. Muscle electrophysiology in patients with advanced breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80:282–285. doi: 10.1093/jnci/80.4.282.
    1. Neil SE, Klika RJ, Garland SJ, McKenzie DC, Campbell KL. Cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular deconditioning in fatigued and non-fatigued breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:873–881. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1600-y.
    1. Merton PA. Voluntary strength and fatigue. J Physiol. 1954;123:553–564. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005070.
    1. Doyle-Baker D, Temesi J, Medyski ME, Holash RJ, Millet GY. An innovative ergometer to measure neuromuscular fatigue immediately after cycling. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2018;50:375–387. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001427.
    1. Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, Pescatello LS, Pescatello SM, Ferrer RA, Johnson BT. Efficacy of exercise interventions in modulating cancer-related fatigue among adult cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2011;20:123–133. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0988.
    1. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gøtzsche PC, Krleža-Jerić K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:200. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583.
    1. Buffart LM, Kalter J, Sweegers MG, Courneya KS, Newton RU, Aaronson NK, et al. Effects and moderators of exercise on quality of life and physical function in patients with cancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 34 RCTs. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;52:91–104. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.010.
    1. van Belle S, Paridaens R, Evers G, Kerger J, Bron D, Foubert J, et al. Comparison of proposed diagnostic criteria with FACT-F and VAS for cancer-related fatigue: proposal for use as a screening tool. Support Care Cancer. 2005;13:246–254. doi: 10.1007/s00520-004-0734-y.
    1. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175–191. doi: 10.3758/BF03193146.
    1. Irwin ML, Cartmel B, Harrigan M, Li F, Sanft T, Shockro L, et al. Effect of the LIVESTRONG at the YMCA exercise program on physical activity, fitness, quality of life, and fatigue in cancer survivors. Cancer. 2017;123:1249–1258. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30456.
    1. Saghaei M, Saghaei S. Implementation of an open-source customizable minimization program for allocation of patients to parallel groups in clinical trials. J Biomed Sci Eng. 2011;4:734–739. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2011.411090.
    1. Taves DR. Minimization: a new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1974;15:443–453. doi: 10.1002/cpt1974155443.
    1. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Screening questionnaire before TMS: an update. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;122:1686. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.037.
    1. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.
    1. Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A, et al. The functional assessment of Cancer therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:570–579. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.3.570.
    1. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306.
    1. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the brief pain inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994;23:129–138.
    1. Cutrona CE, Russel D. The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In: Jones WH, Perlman D, editors. Adv. Pers. Relationships. Greenwich: JAI Press; 1987. pp. 37–67.
    1. Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985;10:141–146.
    1. Borg G. An introduction to Borg’s RPE-scale. Ithaca: Mouvement Publications; 1985.
    1. Borg G. Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Leeds: Human Kinetics; 1998.
    1. Mador MJ, Rodis A, Magalang UJ. Reproducibility of Borg scale measurements of dyspnea during exercise in patients with COPD. Chest. 1995;107:1590–1597. doi: 10.1378/chest.107.6.1590.
    1. Andreacci JL, LeMura LM, Cohen SL, Urbansky EA, Chelland SA, Von Duvillard SP. The effects of frequency of encouragement on performance during maximal exercise testing. J Sports Sci. 2002;20:345–352. doi: 10.1080/026404102753576125.
    1. Taylor HL, Buskirk E, Henschel A. Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. J Appl Physiol. 1955;8:73–80. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1955.8.1.73.
    1. Gordon D, Caddy O, Merzbach V, Gernigon M, Baker J, Scruton A, et al. Prior knowledge of trial number influences the incidence of plateau at VO2max. J Sports Sci Med. 2015;14:47–53.
    1. Sadeh A. The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: an update. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15:259–267. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.10.001.
    1. van Someren EJ. Improving actigraphic sleep estimates in insomnia and dementia: how many nights? J Sleep Res. 2007;16:269–275. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00592.x.
    1. Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Aurora RN, Boehlecke B, et al. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of sleep medicine report. Sleep. 2007;30:1445–1459. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445.
    1. Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research – recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Front Psychol. 2017;8:213. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213.
    1. Chang VT, Hwang SS, Feuerman M. Validation of the Edmonton symptom assessment scale. Cancer. 2000;88:2164–2171. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2164::AID-CNCR24>;2-5.
    1. Selby D, Cascella A, Gardiner K, Do R, Moravan V, Myers J, et al. A single set of numerical cutpoints to define moderate and severe symptoms for the Edmonton symptom assessment system. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2010;39:241–249. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.010.
    1. Alberta Health Services - Cancer Care . Cancer-Related Fatigue. Clin. Pract. Guidel. Supp-008 Version 1. Edmonton: Alberta Health Services; 2017.
    1. Veale JF. Edinburgh handedness inventory – short form: a revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality. 2014;19:164–177. doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2013.783045.
    1. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Hägg GG, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C. [SENIAM 8]: European Recommendations for Surface ElectroMyoGraphy. Roessingh Research and Development; 1999. ISBN: 90-75452-15-2.
    1. Temesi J, Gruet M, Rupp T, Verges S, Millet GY. Resting and active motor thresholds versus stimulus-response curves to determine transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity in quadriceps femoris. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2014;11:40. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-40.
    1. Micklewright D, St Clair Gibson A, Gladwell V, Al Salman A. Development and validity of the rating-of-fatigue scale. Sport. Med. 2017;47:2375–93.
    1. Culos-Reed S, Cancer CL. Exercise: training manual for fitness professionals 4th edition [manual] Calgary: University of Calgary; 2016.
    1. Culos-Reed S, Leach H, Danyluk J. BEAUTY Program Manual of Operations [Manual]. BEAUTY Dissem. Funded by Can. Breast Cancer Found. Calgary: University of Calgary; 2014.
    1. American College of Sports Medicine . ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
    1. Scherr J, Wolfarth B, Christle JW, Pressler A, Wagenpfeil S, Halle M. Associations between Borg’s rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:147–155. doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x.
    1. American College of Sports Medicine American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2009;41:687–708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.
    1. Winters-Stone KM, Neil SE, Campbell KL. Attention to principles of exercise training: a review of exercise studies for survivors of cancers other than breast. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:987–995. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091732.
    1. Jones S, Man WD-C, Gao W, Higginson IJ, Wilcock A, Maddocks M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD009419.
    1. Maffiuletti NA. Physiological and methodological considerations for the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110:223–234. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1502-y.
    1. Hinton BJ, Fan B, Ng BK, Shepherd JA. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values of limbs and trunk from NHANES 1999–2004 with additional visualization methods. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0174180. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174180.
    1. Kelly TL, Wilson KE, Heymsfield SB. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7038. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007038.
    1. ACSM Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2009;41:687–708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.
    1. Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn DI, Vigotsky AD, Franchi MV, Krieger JW. Hypertrophic effects of concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:2599–2608. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001983.
    1. Mike J, Kerksick CM, Kravitz L. How to incorporate eccentric training into a resistance training program. Strength Cond J. 2015;37:5–17. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000114.
    1. Coffey VG, Hawley JA. The molecular bases of training adaptation. Sport Med. 2007;37:737–763. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737090-00001.
    1. Toohey K, Pumpa K, McKune A, Cooke J, Semple S. High-intensity exercise interventions in cancer survivors: a systematic review exploring the impact on health outcomes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018;144:1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00432-017-2552-x.
    1. Rognmo O, Moholdt T, Bakken H, Hole T, Molstad P, Myhr NE, et al. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation. 2012;126:1436–1440. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117.
    1. Weston KS, Wisløff U, Coombes JS. High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1227–1234. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092576.
    1. Natale V, Plazzi G, Martoni M. Actigraphy in the assessment of insomnia: a quantitative approach. Sleep. 2009;32:767–771. doi: 10.1093/sleep/32.6.767.
    1. Natale V, Léger D, Martoni M, Bayon V, Erbacci A. The role of actigraphy in the assessment of primary insomnia: a retrospective study. Sleep Med. 2014;15:111–115. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.08.792.
    1. Harvey AG, Tang NKY. (Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution. Psychol Bull. 2012;138:77–101. doi: 10.1037/a0025730.
    1. Kline CE. The bidirectional relationship between exercise and sleep: implications for exercise adherence and sleep improvement. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2014;8:375–379. doi: 10.1177/1559827614544437.
    1. Kredlow MA, Capozzoli MC, Hearon BA, Calkins AW, Otto MW. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review. J Behav Med. 2015;38:427–449. doi: 10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6.
    1. Yang P-Y, Ho K-H, Chen H-C, Chien M-Y. Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2012;58:157–163. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70106-6.
    1. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK, et al. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2009;41:459–471. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181949333.
    1. Todd G, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Measurement of voluntary activation of fresh and fatigued human muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Physiol. 2003;551:661–671. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.044099.
    1. Todd G, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Measurement of voluntary activation based on transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121:678–686. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00293.2016.
    1. Damron LA, Dearth DJ, Hoffman RL, Clark BC. Quantification of the corticospinal silent period evoked via transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci Methods. 2008;173:121–128. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.001.
    1. van Someren EJ, Swaab DF, Colenda CC, Cohen W, McCall WV, Rosenquist PB. Bright light therapy: improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. Chronobiol Int. 1999;16:505–518. doi: 10.3109/07420529908998724.
    1. Landry GJ, Falck RS, Beets MW, Liu-Ambrose T. Measuring physical activity in older adults: calibrating cut-points for the MotionWatch 8. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:165.
    1. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.4.0). R Found. Stat. Comput. Vienna, Austria: ; 2017.
    1. Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1–48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
    1. Luke SG. Evaluating significance in linear mixed-effects models in R. Behav Res Methods. 2016;49:1494–1502.
    1. Cella D, Eton DT, Lai J-S, Peterman AH, Merkel DE. Combining anchor and distribution-based methods to derive minimal clinically important differences on the functional assessment of Cancer therapy (FACT) anemia and fatigue scales. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2002;24:547–561. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00529-8.
    1. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1998.
    1. Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863.
    1. Lindquist R, Wyman JF, Talley KMC, Findorff MJ, Gross CR. Design of control-group conditions in clinical trials of behavioral interventions. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39:214–221. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00171.x.
    1. Lucía A, Earnest C, Pérez M. Cancer-related fatigue: can exercise physiology assist oncologists? Lancet Oncol. 2003;4:616–625. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(03)01221-X.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit