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AI-Assisted Anaerobic Threshold Interpretation in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (PACE-Reader)

16. september 2026 opdateret af: Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital

A Randomized Two-Period Crossover Reader Study of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Anaerobic Threshold Interpretation in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

This prospective randomized two-period crossover reader study will evaluate whether assistance from a frozen artificial intelligence model improves physicians' interpretation of the anaerobic threshold (AT) in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Sixteen physicians, including 8 senior and 8 junior readers, will each interpret 150 de-identified CPET examinations once without AI assistance and once with AI assistance. The primary outcome is the within-physician difference in absolute AT localization error between the assisted and unassisted conditions. Secondary outcomes include signed timing error, agreement on whether AT is present, estimates within 15 and 30 seconds of the reference, inter-reader reliability, interpretation time, and whether the effect of AI assistance differs by physician seniority.

Studieoversigt

Status

Ikke rekrutterer endnu

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

The 150 de-identified CPET examinations will be divided into two non-overlapping case libraries, X and Y, with 75 examinations in each library. The libraries will be balanced, as far as feasible, by clinical severity and acquisition characteristics. None of the reader-study examinations will be used for model training, hyperparameter selection, or checkpoint selection.

Within each seniority stratum, physicians will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to Sequence A or Sequence B. In period 1, Sequence A will interpret library X without AI assistance and library Y with AI assistance; Sequence B will receive the opposite conditions. Following a 14 ± 3 day washout, the assistance conditions will be reversed in period 2. Case order will be randomized within each period, and new blinded task identifiers will be assigned in period 2. Thus, every physician will interpret every examination once without AI assistance and once with AI assistance, yielding 4,800 interpretations.

In the assisted condition, the interface will display the frozen model's predicted AT time. In the unassisted condition, no model output will be shown. Readers will be masked to case source, routine-report and reference-standard labels, other readers' annotations, and their own annotations from the previous period. For each examination, the reader will classify AT as confirmed, not reached, or unable to confirm. When AT is confirmed, the reader will record the AT time and the interpretive method used. Interpretation time will also be recorded.

The reference standard will be prespecified from unassisted senior-physician annotations. AT will be considered present when at least 6 of 8 senior physicians confirm it, and the reference AT time will be the median of the confirming senior estimates. AT will be considered not reached when at least 6 of 8 senior physicians make that classification. Discordant cases will undergo adjudication by an additional senior physician who is masked to model output and reader identity. For analyses of senior readers, a leave-one-reader-out reference will be used.

The primary analysis will compare absolute AT localization error between assisted and unassisted interpretations using a crossed mixed-effects model. Fixed effects will include assistance condition, physician seniority, the assistance-by-seniority interaction, period, randomized sequence, and case library. Random intercepts will be included for physician and examination. Estimates will be reported with 95% confidence intervals. No simulated or pilot-result data will be included in the prospective study analysis.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

16

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiekontakt

Studiesteder

    • Shanghai Municipality
      • Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, Kina, 200032

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

18 år og ældre (Voksen, Ældre voksen)

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Køn, der er berettiget til at studere

Alle

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • Licensed physician or physician enrolled in a recognized postgraduate clinical training program at the study institution.
  • Eligible for one of the two prespecified seniority strata: senior physicians are attending physicians or above with at least 5 years of independent CPET interpretation experience; junior physicians are residents or specialty trainees with less than 5 years of independent CPET interpretation experience.
  • Able to interpret CPET examinations and use the study interface after standardized orientation.
  • Willing and able to complete both study periods and the prespecified washout interval.
  • Provides written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Direct involvement in development, training, hyperparameter selection, or checkpoint selection of the PACE-Former model.
  • Prior access to the study case libraries, reference-standard annotations, or model outputs for the study examinations.
  • Unable to complete the required interpretation tasks or the 14 ± 3 day washout interval.
  • Withdrawal of consent before completion of study procedures.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Diagnostisk
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Crossover opgave
  • Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Sequence A

Period 1: library X interpreted without AI assistance and library Y interpreted with AI assistance. Period 2, after a 14 ± 3 day washout: library X interpreted with AI assistance and library Y interpreted without AI assistance.

A frozen PACE-Former model provides a predicted anaerobic threshold time within the CPET review interface. Physicians retain responsibility for the final classification and AT time annotation. No other model output or reference label is displayed.

The physician reviews the same de-identified CPET data using the study interface without display of any model prediction or AI-generated suggestion and independently classifies AT status and records the AT time when confirmed.

Eksperimentel: Sequence B

Period 1: library X interpreted with AI assistance and library Y interpreted without AI assistance. Period 2, after a 14 ± 3 day washout: library X interpreted without AI assistance and library Y interpreted with AI assistance.

A frozen PACE-Former model provides a predicted anaerobic threshold time within the CPET review interface. Physicians retain responsibility for the final classification and AT time annotation. No other model output or reference label is displayed.

The physician reviews the same de-identified CPET data using the study interface without display of any model prediction or AI-generated suggestion and independently classifies AT status and records the AT time when confirmed.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Difference in Absolute Anaerobic Threshold Localization Error
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Absolute difference, in seconds, between the physician-selected AT time and the prespecified expert reference AT time. The primary estimand is the within-physician difference between AI-assisted and unassisted interpretations, analyzed across the same examinations using a crossed mixed-effects model.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Signed Anaerobic Threshold Localization Error
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Signed difference, in seconds, between the physician-selected AT time and the prespecified expert reference AT time. Negative values indicate earlier placement and positive values indicate later placement relative to the reference.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months
Proportion of Anaerobic Threshold Estimates Within 15 Seconds of the Reference
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Proportion of interpretable examinations for which the physician-selected AT time is within 15 seconds, in either direction, of the prespecified expert reference AT time.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months
Proportion of Anaerobic Threshold Estimates Within 30 Seconds of the Reference
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Proportion of interpretable examinations for which the physician-selected AT time is within 30 seconds, in either direction, of the prespecified expert reference AT time.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months
Agreement With the Reference Anaerobic Threshold Status
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Agreement between the physician classification (AT confirmed, AT not reached, or unable to confirm) and the prespecified expert reference classification. Results will be summarized as overall agreement and condition-specific classification performance.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months
Inter-Reader Reliability
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Reliability among physicians for AT timing and AT-status classification under AI-assisted and unassisted conditions, summarized using appropriate intraclass correlation and chance-corrected agreement statistics with 95% confidence intervals.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months
Interpretation Time per Examination
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Elapsed time, in seconds, from opening the blinded CPET task to submission of the physician's AT classification and, when applicable, the selected AT time.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months
Interaction Between AI Assistance and Physician Seniority
Tidsramme: Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Difference in the effect of AI assistance between senior and junior physicians, estimated from the prespecified assistance-by-seniority interaction term in the crossed mixed-effects model for absolute AT localization error.

Recorded immediately after each case interpretation and analyzed after completion of both study periods, up to 2 months

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Efterforskere

  • Ledende efterforsker: Cong Wang, MD, PhD, Fudan University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Anslået)

25. september 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

25. november 2026

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

25. november 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

16. september 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

16. september 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

22. september 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

22. september 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

16. september 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. september 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • PACE-AT-READER-01

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

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