ProGRP, CgA, NSE and TUM2-PK in in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors

Assessment of the anatomical spread and disease progression in neuroendocrine tumor patients has become an essential part of disease management, but sometimes in many patients difficult to be measured. Therefore, the evaluation of serum markers could represent a useful tool for monitoring the course of the disease and the response of patients to therapy or palliative treatment.Clinical data considers CgA and NSE as available today blood biomarkers for neuroendocrine tumors.Until now the usefulness of serum ProGRP as a clinical tumor marker has been evaluated mainly in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, while its role in the management of NE tumors has not been elucidated.Available in the literature limited data suggests that ProGRP may be a potential tumor marker in NE tumors.

Pyruvate kinase type M2 is the key glycolytic regulator in tumor cells.It catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with ATP production.The dimeric form of this enzyme (TUM2-PK) has been detected in the blood of patients with different cancers.High TUM2-PK expression was suggested to be an important element of tumor cell metabolism adaptation to an inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply.Recently, it has been shown that somatostatin and its structural analogues pass through cell membrane and actively bind to cytosolic TUM2-PK. In response to this binding TUM2-PK translocates into the nucleus and induce programmed cell death. It is suggested that TUM2-PK enzyme may contribute significantly to response of neuroendocrine tumors to somatostatin analogues.