l'effetto della preabilitazione ottimizzata per la nutrizione sull'intervento perioperatorio nel carcinoma epatocellulare primario

Study subgroups: experimental group (nutritional optimization-led triple prehabilitation), control group (conventional triple prehabilitation) , with a 1:2 allocation ratio between experimental and control groups.

Intervention measures The nutritional status of each participant will be assessed in collaboration with a clinical nutritionist to develop an individualized nutritional plan. The experimental group will receive oral nutritional supplementation (ONS; Ensure) in addition to their usual diet, whereas the control group will receive their usual diet alone.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) will be estimated using the revised Harris-Benedict equations:

Men: REE (kcal/day) = 88.362 + 13.397W + 4.799H - 5.677A Women: REE (kcal/day) = 447.593 + 9.247W + 3.098H - 4.330A where W is body weight (kg), H is height (cm), and A is age (years). The estimated daily energy requirement will be calculated as REE * 1.3 (activity factor) * 1.2 (stress factor). Assuming a usual dietary energy intake of approximately 1,600 kcal/day, the additional energy to be supplied by ONS will be calculated by subtracting 1,600 kcal from the estimated daily energy requirement. Ensure powder provides 4.50 kcal/g; therefore, the required daily amount of powder will be calculated by dividing the additional energy requirement by 4.50 kcal/g.

The calculated daily amount of Ensure powder will be divided into three doses, each dissolved in 200 mL of warm water and taken orally between meals. Adherence will be monitored by the nursing team and clinical nutritionist, who will record actual supplement intake. The intervention will begin at enrollment and continue until the day before surgery.

Other interventions:

A personalized exercise program will be developed with the rehabilitation physician, and both groups will undergo exercise to increase lung capacity and cardiorespiratory tolerance: respiratory exercise will be included - patients will be guided to learn to cough and cough up sputum with deep breaths before the operation, and a respiratory trainer will be used for bedside training.

Exercise planning: in addition to respiratory training, patients will perform aerobic exercise (jogging or walking) and resistance exercise (dumbbells or resistance bands), with intensity and frequency individualized according to baseline fitness.

The experimental and control groups will undergo psychiatric intervention: patients will be psychologically evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), together with the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). Those with elevated anxiety or depression (HADS ≥ 11) will receive psychological counseling 3-5 times during the preoperative week and medication when necessary, and will be guided to listen to soothing music for at least 15 minutes before bedtime daily.

The patients will undergo routine clinical blood tests at the time of enrollment and the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the operation.

Follow-up The patients will be followed up by telephone or outpatient clinic at 1 month after the operation; the patients' clinical data will be recorded.

The relevant clinical data during the process will be recorded.