自己注射に対する音楽の効果、恐怖と痛みのテスト

実験的：Self-Selected Music Listening

Participants listened to self-selected music through headphones during the morning and evening blood glucose testing and self-insulin injection sessions on Day 2. Music listening commenced immediately before the procedures and continued throughout both procedures. Outcomes were assessed at four time points over two days.

行動：Self-Selected Music Listening

Participants listened to music of their own choice through headphones during the morning and evening sessions on Day 2. Music listening commenced immediately before blood glucose testing and self-insulin injection and continued throughout both procedures. Participants were free to select music in their preferred language and genre.

介入なし：Standard Care Control Group

Participants received standard care and performed routine blood glucose testing and self-insulin injection without music. They underwent the same morning and evening procedures and the same four-assessment schedule as the intervention group over two days.

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

The scale is used to assess subjectively perceived pain. It is a 10 cm (100 mm) ruler with no pain on one end and the "most severe pain" on the other. The individuals participating in the study are asked to mark the intensity of pain they are currently feeling, explaining that the number "0" on the scale means "I feel no pain" and that the intensity of pain increases as the numbers increase, and the number "10" means "I feel the most severe pain". An increase in the score obtained from the scale in the assessment indicates that the pain is increasing.

Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-Testing Questionnaire (D-FISQ)

The D-FISQ assesses fear of self-injection and fear of blood glucose self-testing in individuals with diabetes who require insulin. The questionnaire consists of 15 items and two subscales: Fear of Self-Injection (6 items) and Fear of Self-Testing (9 items). Each item is scored from 0 to 3 (0=almost never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, and 3=almost always). The Fear of Self-Injection subscale score ranges from 0 to 18, the Fear of Self-Testing subscale score ranges from 0 to 27, and the total score ranges from 0 to 45. Higher scores indicate greater fear. The total score and the two subscale scores were analyzed separately.