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Mental Rotation and Motor Imagery Training in Multiple Sclerosis

5 augustus 2026 bijgewerkt door: Ramazan KURUL, Abant Izzet Baysal University

Mental Rotation and Motor Imagery Training for Upper-Extremity Function in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of sequential laterality, motor imagery, and mental rotation training in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Both groups received conventional physiotherapy, while the intervention group received structured cognitive-motor training and the control group received active visual-attention training.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Fifty-four participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Both groups received 45-minute sessions three times per week for six weeks. Mental rotation ability was the primary outcome, while upper-extremity function, manual ability, motor imagery, grip strength, dexterity, and information-processing speed were assessed as secondary outcomes. Assessments were performed before and after the intervention by a researcher blinded to group allocation.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

54

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • Turkije (Türkiye)
      • Bolu, Turkije (Türkiye), 14100
        • Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Health Science

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed with definite relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by a neurologist according to the revised McDonald criteria
  • Not experiencing an acute MS relapse
  • Mini Mental State Examination score ≥24
  • No clinical MS relapse within the previous 3 months
  • No corticosteroid treatment for an MS relapse within the previous 3 months
  • Expanded Disability Status Scale score between 1.5 and 6.0
  • Modified Ashworth Scale score ≤2
  • Sufficient communication ability to understand visual and verbal instructions and follow the training protocol
  • Able to attend at least 80% of the planned sessions
  • Able to complete the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Any medication change within the previous 3 months
  • Uncorrected severe visual or hearing impairment
  • A communication disorder preventing the perception of or response to the visual and verbal stimuli used in the study
  • Participation in another structured upper-extremity rehabilitation program or interventional study during the study period
  • Presence of an additional neurological disorder
  • Advanced sensory loss or proprioceptive impairment that could affect participation in the intervention
  • Botulinum toxin injection within the previous 3 months

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Behandeling
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Dubbele

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Multicomponent rotation training
Participants received 30 minutes of conventional physiotherapy and 15 minutes of sequential laterality, motor imagery, and mental rotation training, three times per week for six weeks.
Ander: Laterality, Motor Imagery, and Mental Rotation Training
Participants received 30 minutes of conventional physiotherapy followed by 15 minutes of structured training, three times per week for six weeks. The training progressed sequentially through laterality recognition, motor imagery, and mental rotation. Laterality training involved identifying right- and left-hand images. Motor imagery training involved imagining the hand positions and movements shown in the images without performing an observable movement. Mental rotation training involved mentally rotating figures and selecting the correct response.
Sham-vergelijker: Sham training
Participants received 30 minutes of conventional physiotherapy and 15 minutes of active visual-attention training using neutral objects, colors, shapes, and symbols, three times per week for six weeks.
Ander: Active Visual-Attention Control Training
Participants received 30 minutes of conventional physiotherapy followed by 15 minutes of active visual-attention control training, three times per week for six weeks. The training included images of neutral objects, colors, geometric shapes, and symbols that did not depict body parts. Participants classified the images according to color, shape, size, position, or similarity and difference.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
The Purdue Spatial Visualization Test
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
The Purdue Spatial Visualization Test a widely used mental rotation tests, consists of 30 three-dimensional spatial perception questions.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
The Symbol Digit Modalities Test
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
The Symbol Digit Modalities Test is a widely used assessment tool for measuring information-processing speed in patients with MS.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
Nine-Hole Peg Test
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
In the Nine-Hole Peg Test, nine wooden pegs were placed into a wooden board containing nine holes using one hand.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
Motor imagery ability was evaluated and scored using 20 items examining movements of different body parts in a sitting position, with two subscales assessing kinesthetic and visual imagery abilities. The total score ranges from 10 to 50, with each subscale ranging from 5 to 25.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
Grip Strength
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention
Grip strength was assessed using a Jamar hand dynamometer.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention
Abilhand
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
Abilhand is a patient-reported scale used to determine the perceived level of difficulty individuals experience when using their hands during activities of daily living. The Abilhand total raw score ranges from 0 to 46, with higher scores indicating better self-perceived manual ability in performing daily bimanual activities.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.
The Action Research Arm Test was used to evaluate upper extremity functional capacity and consists of four subdomains: grasp, grip, pinch, and gross movement.
Baseline and immediately after the 6-week intervention.

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Abant Izzet Baysal University

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Enes Tayyip Benli, phd, Abant Izzet Baysal University

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

15 februari 2024

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

15 januari 2026

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

15 februari 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

30 juli 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

5 augustus 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

6 augustus 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

6 augustus 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

5 augustus 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 augustus 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • AIBU-FTR-BENLI-010

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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