Acute versus chronic supplementation of sodium citrate on 200 m performance in adolescent swimmers

Colin Russell, Efthymios Papadopoulos, Yasmeen Mezil, Greg D Wells, Michael J Plyley, Mathew Greenway, Panagiota Klentrou, Colin Russell, Efthymios Papadopoulos, Yasmeen Mezil, Greg D Wells, Michael J Plyley, Mathew Greenway, Panagiota Klentrou

Abstract

Background: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over design was used to investigate whether two different sodium citrate dihydrate (Na-CIT) supplementation protocols improve 200 m swimming performance in adolescent swimmers.

Methods: Ten, male swimmers (14.9 ± 0.4 years of age; 63.5 ± 4 kg) performed four 200 m time trials with the following treatments: acute (ACU) supplementation (0.5 g kg(-1) administered 120 min pre-trial), acute placebo (PLC-A), chronic (CHR) supplementation (0.1 g∙kg(-1) for three days and 0.3 g kg(-1) on the forth day 120 min pre-trial), and chronic placebo (PLC-C). The order of the trials was randomized, with at least a six-day wash-out period between trials. Blood samples were collected by finger prick pre-ingestion, 100 min post-ingestion, and 3 min post-trial. Performance time, rate of perceived exertion, pH, base excess, bicarbonate and lactate concentration were measured.

Results: Post-ingestion bicarbonate and base excess were higher (P < 0.05) in both the ACU and CHR trials compared to placebo showing adequate pre-exercise alkalosis. However, performance time, rate of perceived exertion as well as post-trial pH and lactate concentration were not significantly different between trials. Further analysis revealed that five swimmers, identified as responders, improved their performance time by 1.03% (P < 0.05) and attained higher post-trial lactate concentrations in the ACU versus PLC-A trial (P < 0.05). They also had significantly higher post-trial lactate concentrations compared to the non-responders in the ACU and CHR trials.

Conclusions: Acute supplementation of Na-CIT prior to 200 m swimming performance led to a modest time improvement and higher blood lactate concentrations in only half of the swimmers while the chronic Na-CIT supplementation did not provide any ergogenic effect in this group of adolescent swimmers.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01835912.

Keywords: Alkalization; Bicarbonate; Blood lactate; Buffer; Ergogenic aid; Responders.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Absolute change in performance time for the responders (n = 5) and non-responders (n = 5) comparing acute (ACU) versus acute placebo (PLC-A) supplementation trials. Performance was significantly different in the ACU versus PLC-A (P < 0.05). Each line represents a different swimmer.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Post-trial lactate concentrations (mmol/L) of responders and non-responders. aSignificantly different (P < 0.05) from acute placebo trial (PLC-A). bSignificantly different (P < 0.05) from non-responders in the acute (ACU) trial. cSignificantly different (P < 0.05) from non-responders in the chronic (CHR) trial. Values are Mean ± SEM.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Base excess (BE) (mmol/L) at basal, post-ingestion, and post-trial time points for the acute placebo (PLC-A), acute (ACU), chronic (CHR) and chronic placebo (PLC-C) trials. aSignificant difference during post-ingestion (P < 0.05) between ACU and PLC-A. bSignificant difference during post-ingestion (P < 0.05) between CHR and PLC-C. cSignificant difference during basal (P < 0.05) between CHR and ACU. Significant time effects (P < 0.05) basal to post-ingestion in ACU and PLC-C. Significant time effects (P < 0.05) post-ingestion to post-trial in ACU, CHR, and PLC-C. Values are Mean ± SEM.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Bicarbonate concentration (mmol/L) at basal, post-ingestion, and post-trial time points for the acute placebo (PLC-A), acute (ACU), chronic (CHR) and chronic placebo (PLC-C) trials. aSignificant difference during post-ingestion (P < 0.05) between ACU and PLC-A. bSignificant difference during post-ingestion (P < 0.05) between CHR and PLC-C. Significant time effects (P < 0.05) basal to post-ingestion in ACU and PLC-C. Significant time effects (P < 0.05) post-ingestion to post-trial in ACU, CHR, and PLC-C. Values are Mean ± SEM.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Blood pH at basal, post-ingestion, and post-trial time points for the acute placebo (PLC-A), acute (ACU), chronic (CHR) and chronic placebo (PLC-C) trials. Significant time effects (P < 0.05) from basal to post-ingestion. Trend to significance (P = 0.06) during post-ingestion between ACU and PLC-A. Values are Mean ± SEM.

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