Chronic Versus Acute Dosing of Sodium Citrate for Swimming 200m

July 23, 2014 updated by: Colin Russell, Brock University

Chronic vs. Acute Ingestion of Sodium Citrate: a Randomised Placebo Controlled Cross-over Trial for Swimming a 200 Metres in Well-trained Swimmers Age 13-17

Ingestion of sodium citrate (Na-Cit), an alkalizing agent, increases extracellular pH via liver oxidation by decreasing [H+] and increasing bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-). Studies have confirmed that increasing extracellular pH promotes the efflux of La- and H+ from active muscles. This is due to an increase in activity of the pH sensitive monocarboxylate transporter as the gradient of intracellular versus extracellular H+ increases. Therefore, artificially inducing alkalosis prior to anaerobic exercise may reduce intracellular acidosis and increase the time to fatigue - defined as a decrease in force production with an increased perception of effort. The investigators will test the null hypothesis that sodium citrate ingestion (chronic and acute) will not have an effect on exercise performance compared to placebo.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Anaerobic glycolysis quickly provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscular contraction during high intensity, short duration exercise. The fast rate of glycolysis during anaerobic exercise results in pyruvate formation exceeding pyruvate oxidation resulting in a build up of lactic acid. Lactic acid dissociates quickly to lactate (La-) and hydrogen ion (H+) which causes a decrease in muscle and blood pH. The increase in H+ causes impaired release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium ion binding which inhibits the coupling of actin and myosin.

Ingestion of sodium citrate (Na-Cit), an alkalizing agent, increases extracellular pH via liver oxidation by decreasing [H+] and increasing bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-). Studies have confirmed that increasing extracellular pH promotes the efflux of La- and H+ from active muscles. This is due to an increase in activity of the pH sensitive monocarboxylate transporter as the gradient of intracellular versus extracellular H+ increases. Therefore, artificially inducing alkalosis prior to anaerobic exercise may reduce intracellular acidosis and increase the time to fatigue - defined as a decrease in force production with an increased perception of effort. Furthermore, Cit- enters the cell through the Plasma Membrane Citrate Transporter and in the cell Cit- is involved in a number of processes: i) intermediary in the Krebs Cycle, ii) transports acetyl-Co-enzyme A (CoA)from the mitochondria to the cytosol for fatty-acid synthesis, iii) negative allosteric effector of phosphofructokinase, iv) anionic effect on membrane potential can cause a reduction in the contraction threshold.

Researchers have studied sodium bicarbonate and Na-Cit as potential alkalizing agents. Na-Cit has been studied in few sports over a broad array of doses, times, and distances with inconclusive results. McNaughton et al. researched the optimal doses and durations for Na-Cit to be potentially beneficial to performance. They concluded that 0.3-0.5g/kg, 90-120 minutes prior to maximal effort are the optimal conditions for potential ergogenic effect. The only reported side effect was gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort in a 3 of the 8 subjects. However, it seems Na-Cit is handled better than the more commonly employed sodium bicarbonate.

The investigators will test the null hypothesis that sodium citrate ingestion (chronic and acute) will not have an effect on exercise performance compared to placebo.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

10

Phase

  • Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Canada
    • Ontario
      • St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, L2S3A1
        • Brock University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

9 years to 13 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 13-17
  • Male
  • Regional, provincial and national level swimmers

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Females
  • Level of swimming below regional level standards
  • Caffeine before trials
  • Chronic health concerns
  • Health problems before or during the course of the trial

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Placebo Comparator: Flavoured water placebo for acute dosing
500 milliliters flavoured water (placebo for the acute dosing intervention of sodium citrate)
Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)
Other Names:
  • CAS: 6132-04-3
Experimental: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate Acute
dose: 0.5 g/kg of body mass dissolved in 500 milliliters of flavoured water
Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)
Other Names:
  • CAS: 6132-04-3
Placebo Comparator: Flavoured water placebo chronic dosing
500 milliliters flavoured water (placebo for the chronic dosing intervention of sodium citrate)
Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)
Other Names:
  • CAS: 6132-04-3
Experimental: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate Chronic
3 days of 0.1g/kg of body mass of sodium citrate and 4th day at 0.3 g/kg of body mass of sodium citrate in 500 milliliters of flavoured water
Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)
Other Names:
  • CAS: 6132-04-3

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Time
Time Frame: once each 200m performance

time to complete 200 metre swimming performances in seconds

Participants chose type of swim stroke to swim a maximal effort 200 metre performance
once each 200m performance

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Lactate
Time Frame: 3 min post performance
lactate measured at 3min post trial
3 min post performance

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Rate of Perceived Exertion
Time Frame: Rate of Perceived Exertion after each 200m swimming performance

Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after each 200 metre swimming performance

RPE scale is from 6-20. Minimum = 6 (level of exertion equal to lying down) and Maximum = 20 (maximal perceived exertion)

Numbers reported are the average of the RPE recorded for all 10 participants.
Rate of Perceived Exertion after each 200m swimming performance

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Brock University

Investigators

  • Study Director: Nota Klentrou, PhD, Brock University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

September 1, 2012

Primary Completion (Actual)

March 1, 2013

Study Completion (Actual)

April 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 10, 2013

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 18, 2013

First Posted (Estimate)

April 19, 2013

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimate)

July 24, 2014

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 23, 2014

Last Verified

July 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 12-009

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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