斯坦福五城市多因素风险降低研究
研究概览
详细说明
背景:
过去五十年的心血管疾病研究表明,在许多文化内部和之间,个体风险因素水平与疾病发生率之间存在密切关联。 心血管疾病的药物治疗潜力受到动脉粥样硬化和高血压的隐匿发展、冠心病和中风的高即时死亡率以及心血管疾病晚期治疗不足的限制。 所有这些因素,再加上减少个体危险因素的可预测安全性和普遍可行性,为制定预防心血管疾病的全社区战略提供了动力。
1972 年至 1975 年间进行的斯坦福三社区研究和五城市项目 (FCP) 旨在测试此类社区范围预防方法的可行性和有效性。 三社区研究和五城市项目都表明,可以在社区范围内降低风险因素,尤其是吸烟率和血压水平。 这些研究与其他当代研究一致,例如比利时心脏病预防项目和北卡累利阿项目。
然而,尽管取得了这些成功,但还有其他问题。 风险的降低会转化为发病率和死亡率的降低吗? 北卡累利阿项目显然与比利时心脏病预防计划的死亡率下降有关。 然而,英国心脏病预防项目和多风险因素干预试验均未能有效降低死亡率。 科学界有责任向公众通报这项研究的意义,并就审慎的预防措施提出建议。
设计叙述:
该研究采用准实验设计,选择加利福尼亚州的两个城市萨利纳斯和蒙特雷作为干预城市,三个类似的城市圣路易斯奥比斯波、莫德斯托和圣莫尼卡作为控制城市。 城市的选择取决于几个标准,包括:位于北加州的位置;人口超过30,000,所有五个城市的总人口超过300,000,以提供足够的统计能力;种族、社会经济和人口统计的相似性;独立于其他城市;治疗城市和控制城市之间不共享报纸或电子媒体,治疗城市之间不共享媒体市场;和两个治疗城市的独立性。 该教育计划于 1980 年完成基线人口调查后开始,并持续了八年。 教育方法包括使用电视和广播、报纸、书籍、小册子以及通过卫生部门、学校、志愿组织、医院和非营利性卫生服务机构开发的社区项目。
该计划的有效性通过在蒙特雷、萨利纳斯、莫德斯托和圣路易斯奥比斯波而非圣莫尼卡的人口调查以及发病率和死亡率监测系统进行评估。 在 1979-1980 年调查的第一年,每个社区约有 600 人访问了调查中心。 这构成了社区的第一个独立样本。 平均 15 个月后,这些人返回调查中心进行后续评估。 这个队列样本每隔一年进行一次研究,进行五次调查,以确定心血管风险和相关行为随时间的变化过程。 调查了五个随机选择的独立样本,以研究一段时间内社区的横截面。 问卷调查和饮食措施是健康相关行为数据的主要来源。 调查问卷包含以下组成部分: 人口措施;态度和意见措施;与预防心脏病和中风有关的健康知识评估;应激行为;饮食、营养和体重行为;吸烟行为;体力活动行为;通讯媒体的使用;和病史,包括药物使用。 随机抽取 40% 的初始样本完成了 24 小时饮食回忆,该回忆在第四次队列调查中进行了重新管理,并且还对第四次独立调查的 50% 随机样本进行了管理。 生物测量包括身高和体重、血压、静息心率、血浆硫氰酸盐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和脂蛋白亚组分的胆固醇含量、呼气二氧化碳、尿钠、钾和肌酸酐,以及运动试验。 还收集了血浆载脂蛋白 A-1 和 B 以及高密度脂蛋白亚组分 2 和 3 的数据。还进行了全面的饮食评估。
进行社区监测是为了计算总死亡率、心血管死亡率、致死性心肌梗死、非致死性心肌梗死、致死性和非致死性中风的可比较的、特定于城市的比率。 社区监测系统的开发是与明尼苏达心脏健康项目和波塔基特心脏健康项目密切合作完成的,以确保可比性。 仅监测那些总是导致住院的心血管疾病事件,包括心肌梗塞和中风。 死亡病例是从县死亡证明文件中确定的。 通过将医疗记录抽象为一组标准表格,对致命和非致命住院事件进行了调查。 通过联系死者家属了解病史和死亡情况,并联系死者的医生获取医疗信息,对所有非住院死亡进行了调查。 对冠状动脉事件的严重程度和护理质量的数据进行了监测。 与明尼苏达监测项目和 MONICA 项目合作设计了急性冠心病护理表。 该表格于 1985 年 9 月进行了现场测试,并在 1980 年和 1981 年的案例中追溯实施。
该研究于 1992 年更新为 1) 将发病率和死亡率监测延长三年(对于 1992 年 12 月发生的事件,延长至 1994 年 6 月); 2) 扩展五城项目 (FCP) 结果和方法的分析和发布; 3) 提供少量的增量支持,以便能够使用来自早期 FCP 人口调查的冷冻血浆样本,对 HDL 亚组分和载脂蛋白与致命性和非致命性心血管疾病的关联进行巢式病例对照研究。 需要扩展监测数据收集,以确保在 1986 年之前检测到与对照城市相比,治疗城市发生的重大风险因素变化对发病率和死亡率的任何影响。 嵌套病例对照研究涉及匹配调查和监测数据集,以确定参与五项人口调查之一的有记录事件的人员,确定并联系潜在的控制人员以确保他们没有 CVD,以及分析血浆样本载脂蛋白 A-I 和 B 以及 HDL2,3 亚组分在 -80 摄氏度下冷冻。 这允许对那些已知许多其他变量的人的这些因素与 CVD 之间的关联进行多因素评估。
研究类型
注册 (实际的)
参与标准
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
接受健康志愿者
有资格学习的性别
描述
学习计划
研究是如何设计的?
设计细节
合作者和调查者
调查人员
- 首席研究员:John W Farquhar、Stanford University
出版物和有用的链接
一般刊物
- Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Vranizan KM, Farquhar JW, Wood PD. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Nov;122(5):794-804. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114163.
- Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Maccoby N, Wood PD, Haskell WL, et al: The Stanford Five City Project: An Overview. In: Matarazzo JD, Miller NE, Weiss SM, Herd JA & Weiss SM (Eds), Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, 1154-1165, 1984
- Fortmann SP, Rogers T, Vranizan K, Haskell WL, Solomon DS, Farquhar JW. Indirect measures of cigarette use: expired-air carbon monoxide versus plasma thiocyanate. Prev Med. 1984 Jan;13(1):127-35. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(84)90045-8.
- Solomon DS, Maccoby N: Communication as a Model for Health Enhancement. In: Matarazzo JD, Miller NE, Weiss SM, Herd JA and Weiss SM (Eds), Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention. Silver Spring, MD: John Wiley, Chapter 13, pp. 209-221, 1984
- Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Wood PD, Fortmann SP, Rogers T, Blair SN, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Jan;121(1):91-106. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113987.
- Sallis JF, Flora JA, Fortmann SP, Taylor CB, Maccoby N. Mediated smoking cessation programs in the Stanford Five-City Project. Addict Behav. 1985;10(4):441-3. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(85)90043-7.
- Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Maccoby N, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Brown BW Jr, Solomon DS, Hulley SB. The Stanford Five-City Project: design and methods. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Aug;122(2):323-34. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114104.
- Fortmann SP, Sallis JF, Magnus PM, Farquhar JW. Attitudes and practices of physicians regarding hypertension and smoking: The Stanford Five City Project. Prev Med. 1985 Jan;14(1):70-80. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(85)90022-2.
- Farquhar JW, Maccoby N, Wood PD: Education and Communication Studies. In: Holland WW, Detels R & Knox G (Eds). Oxford Textbook of Public Health0, Vol. 3. Oxford, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 207-221, 1985
- Jacob RG, Fortmann SP, Kraemer HC, Farquhar JW, Agras WS. Combining behavioral treatments to reduce blood pressure. A controlled outcome study. Behav Modif. 1985 Jan;9(1):32-53. doi: 10.1177/01454455850091003. No abstract available.
- Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Wood PD, Fortmann SP, Vranizan KM. Vigorous physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. J Chronic Dis. 1986;39(2):115-20. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(86)90067-6.
- Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Varady AN, Hulley SB, Farquhar JW. Community surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in the Stanford Five-City Project. Methods and initial experience. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Apr;123(4):656-69. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114285.
- Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Williams PT. Changes in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol after changes in cigarette use. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Oct;124(4):706-10. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114445. No abstract available.
- Sallis JF, Hill RD, Killen JD, Telch MJ, Flora JA, Girard J, Taylor CB, Fortmann SP. Efficacy of self-help behavior modification materials in smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med. 1986 Nov-Dec;2(6):342-4. Erratum In: Am J Prev Med 1987 Mar-Apr;3(2):119.
- Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Fortmann SP, Wood PD, Vranizan KM. Moderate-intensity physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors: the Stanford Five-City Project. Prev Med. 1986 Nov;15(6):561-8. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(86)90061-7.
- Sallis JF, Hill RD, Fortmann SP, Flora JA. Health behavior change at the worksite: cardiovascular risk reduction. Prog Behav Modif. 1986;20:161-97. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-535620-6.50009-3. No abstract available.
- Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Fortmann SP, Vranizan KM, Taylor CB, Solomon DS. Predictors of adoption and maintenance of physical activity in a community sample. Prev Med. 1986 Jul;15(4):331-41. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(86)90001-0.
- Chafee SH, Roser C: Involvement and the Consistency of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors. Commun Res, 13:373-399, 1986
- King AC, Flora JA, Fortmann SP, Taylor CB. Smokers' challenge: immediate and long-term findings of a community smoking cessation contest. Am J Public Health. 1987 Oct;77(10):1340-1. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.10.1340.
- Tuomilehto J, Kuulasmaa K, Torppa J. WHO MONICA Project: geographic variation in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Baseline data on selected population characteristics and cardiovascular mortality. World Health Stat Q. 1987;40(2):171-84. No abstract available. English, French.
- Maron DJ, Fortmann SP. Nicotine yield and measures of cigarette smoke exposure in a large population: are lower-yield cigarettes safer? Am J Public Health. 1987 May;77(5):546-9. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.5.546.
- Altman DG, Flora JA, Fortmann SP, Farquhar JW. The cost-effectiveness of three smoking cessation programs. Am J Public Health. 1987 Feb;77(2):162-5. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.2.162.
- Williams PT, Karlin S, Farquhar JW. Permutation analyses of familial association arrays for lipoprotein concentrations in families of the Stanford Five City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1987 Dec;126(6):1126-40. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114751.
- King AC, Saylor KE, Foster S, Killen JD, Telch MJ, Farquhar JW, Flora JA. Promoting dietary change in adolescents: a school-based approach for modifying and maintaining healthful behavior. Am J Prev Med. 1988 Mar-Apr;4(2):68-74.
- Flora JA, Farquhar JW. Methods of message design: experiences from the Stanford Five City Project. Scand J Prim Health Care Suppl. 1988;1:39-47.
- Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Maccoby N, Wood PD. Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project. JAMA. 1990 Jul 18;264(3):359-65.
- Fortmann SP, Winkleby MA, Flora JA, Haskell WL, Taylor CB. Effect of long-term community health education on blood pressure and hypertension control. The Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Oct;132(4):629-46. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115705.
- Albright CL, Flora JA, Fortmann SP. Restaurant menu labeling: impact of nutrition information on entree sales and patron attitudes. Health Educ Q. 1990 Summer;17(2):157-67. doi: 10.1177/109019819001700203.
- Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Barrett DC. Social class disparities in risk factors for disease: eight-year prevalence patterns by level of education. Prev Med. 1990 Jan;19(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90001-z.
- Frank E, Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Rockhill B, Farquhar JW. Improved cholesterol-related knowledge and behavior and plasma cholesterol levels in adults during the 1980s. JAMA. 1992 Sep 23-30;268(12):1566-72.
- Taylor CB, Fortmann SP, Flora J, Kayman S, Barrett DC, Jatulis D, Farquhar JW. Effect of long-term community health education on body mass index. The Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Aug 1;134(3):235-49. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116077.
- Farquhar JW. The Stanford Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Programs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;623:327-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb43742.x. No abstract available.
- Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Rockhill B. Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by educational level: the Stanford Five-City Project. Prev Med. 1992 Sep;21(5):592-601. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(92)90067-r.
- Hyman DJ, Barrett DC, Fortmann SP. Effect of minor illness on serum cholesterol level. Am J Prev Med. 1992 Mar-Apr;8(2):100-3.
- Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health. 1992 Jun;82(6):816-20. doi: 10.2105/ajph.82.6.816.
- Jackson C, Jatulis DE, Fortmann SP. The Behavioral Risk Factor Survey and the Stanford Five-City Project Survey: a comparison of cardiovascular risk behavior estimates. Am J Public Health. 1992 Mar;82(3):412-6. doi: 10.2105/ajph.82.3.412.
- Jackson C, Winkleby MA, Flora JA, Fortmann SP. Use of educational resources for cardiovascular risk reduction in the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Prev Med. 1991 Mar-Apr;7(2):82-8.
- Williams JE, Flora JA. Health behavior segmentation and campaign planning to reduce cardiovascular disease risk among Hispanics. Health Educ Q. 1995 Feb;22(1):36-48. doi: 10.1177/109019819502200105.
- Taylor CB, Jatulis DE, Winkleby MA, Rockhill BJ, Kraemer HC. Effects of life-style on body mass index change. Epidemiology. 1994 Nov;5(6):599-603. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199411000-00007.
- Davis SK, Winkleby MA, Farquhar JW. Increasing disparity in knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and risk-reduction strategies by socioeconomic status: implications for policymakers. Am J Prev Med. 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5):318-23.
- Fortmann SP, Flora JA, Winkleby MA, Schooler C, Taylor CB, Farquhar JW. Community intervention trials: reflections on the Stanford Five-City Project Experience. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Sep 15;142(6):576-86. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117678.
- Frank E, Winkleby M, Fortmann SP, Rockhill B, Farquhar JW. Improvements in cholesterol-related knowledge and behavior and plasma cholesterol levels in youths during the 1980s. Am J Prev Med. 1993 May-Jun;9(3):168-74.
- Frank E, Winkleby M, Fortmann SP, Farquhar JW. Cardiovascular disease risk factors: improvements in knowledge and behavior in the 1980s. Am J Public Health. 1993 Apr;83(4):590-3. doi: 10.2105/ajph.83.4.590.
- Winkleby MA, Schooler C, Kraemer HC, Lin J, Fortmann SP. Hispanic versus white smoking patterns by sex and level of education. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Aug 15;142(4):410-8. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117649.
- Taylor CB, Jatulis DE, Fortmann SP, Kraemer HC. Weight variability effects: a prospective analysis from the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Mar 1;141(5):461-5. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117448.
- Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Howard-Pitney B, Lin J, Fortmann SP. Hispanic/white differences in dietary fat intake among low educated adults and children. Prev Med. 1994 Jul;23(4):465-73. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1994.1064.
- Young DR, Haskell WL, Jatulis DE, Fortmann SP. Associations between changes in physical activity and risk factors for coronary heart disease in a community-based sample of men and women: the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Aug 15;138(4):205-16. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116849.
- Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Rockhill B. Health-related risk factors in a sample of Hispanics and whites matched on sociodemographic characteristics. The Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Jun 15;137(12):1365-75. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116646.
- Williams EL, Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP. Changes in coronary heart disease risk factors in the 1980s: evidence of a male-female crossover effect with age. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 May 15;137(10):1056-67. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116609.
- Fortmann SP, Taylor CB, Flora JA, Winkleby MA. Effect of community health education on plasma cholesterol levels and diet: the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 May 15;137(10):1039-55. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116608.
- Fortmann SP, Taylor CB, Flora JA, Jatulis DE. Changes in adult cigarette smoking prevalence after 5 years of community health education: the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Jan 1;137(1):82-96. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116605.
- Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Wood PD, Haskell WL: Community Studies of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. In: Kaplan NM, Stamler J (Eds). Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 170-181, 1983
- Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Vranizan K, Brown BW, Farquhar JW. The association of blood pressure and dietary alcohol: differences by age, sex, and estrogen use. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 Oct;118(4):497-507. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113655.
- Farquhar JW, Maccoby N, Solomon DS: Community Applications of Behavioral Medicine. In: Gentry WD (Ed), Handbook of Behavioral Medicine, The Guilford Press, NY, 437-478, 1984
- King AC, Kiernan M, Ahn DK, Wilcox S. The effects of marital transitions on changes in physical activity: results from a 10-year community study. Ann Behav Med. 1998 Spring;20(2):64-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02884450.
- Greeno CG, Jackson C, Williams EL, Fortmann SP. The effect of perceived control over eating on the life satisfaction of women and men: results from a community sample. Int J Eat Disord. 1998 Dec;24(4):415-9. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199812)24:43.0.co;2-9.
- Davis SK, Ahn DK, Fortmann SP, Farquhar JW. Determinants of cholesterol screening and treatment patterns. Insights for decision-makers. Am J Prev Med. 1998 Oct;15(3):178-86. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00047-6. Erratum In: Am J Prev Med 1998 Nov;15(4):433.
- Ribisl KM, Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Flora JA. The interplay of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on Hispanic and white men's cardiovascular disease risk and health communication patterns. Health Educ Res. 1998 Sep;13(3):407-17. doi: 10.1093/her/13.3.407.
- Winkleby MA, Feldman HA, Murray DM. Joint analysis of three U.S. community intervention trials for reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997 Jun;50(6):645-58. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00020-6.
- Wild SH, Fortmann SP, Marcovina SM. A prospective case-control study of lipoprotein(a) levels and apo(a) size and risk of coronary heart disease in Stanford Five-City Project participants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Feb;17(2):239-45. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.17.2.239. Erratum In: Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol 1997 May;17(5):1010.
- Winkleby MA, Taylor CB, Jatulis D, Fortmann SP. The long-term effects of a cardiovascular disease prevention trial: the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Public Health. 1996 Dec;86(12):1773-9. doi: 10.2105/ajph.86.12.1773.
- Oka RK, Fortmann SP, Varady AN. Differences in treatment of acute myocardial infarction by sex, age, and other factors (the Stanford Five-City Project). Am J Cardiol. 1996 Oct 15;78(8):861-5. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00457-2.
- Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA. 1996 Sep 18;276(11):875-81.
- Schooler C, Sundar SS, Flora J. Effects of the Stanford Five-City Project Media Advocacy Program. Health Educ Q. 1996 Aug;23(3):346-64. doi: 10.1177/109019819602300306.
- Young DR, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Fortmann SP. Effect of community health education on physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Aug 1;144(3):264-74. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008921.
- Winkleby MA, Gardner CD, Taylor CB. The influence of gender and socioeconomic factors on Hispanic/white differences in body mass index. Prev Med. 1996 Mar-Apr;25(2):203-11. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1996.0047.
- Winkleby MA, Kraemer H, Lin J, Jatulis D, Fortmann SP. Sociodemographic influences on Hispanic-white differences in blood pressure. Public Health Rep. 1996;111 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):30-2.
- Wild SH, Laws A, Fortmann SP, Varady AN, Byrne CD. Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke for six ethnic groups in California, 1985 to 1990. Ann Epidemiol. 1995 Nov;5(6):432-9. doi: 10.1016/1047-2797(95)00058-5.
- Fortmann SP, Varady AN. Effects of a community-wide health education program on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: the Stanford Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Aug 15;152(4):316-23. doi: 10.1093/aje/152.4.316.
- Gardner CD, Tribble DL, Young DR, Ahn D, Fortmann SP. Associations of HDL, HDL(2), and HDL(3) cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and B with lifestyle factors in healthy women and men: the Stanford Five City Project. Prev Med. 2000 Oct;31(4):346-56. doi: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0716.
- Gardner CD, Tribble DL, Young DR, Ahn D, Fortmann SP. Population frequency distributions of HDL, HDL(2), and HDL(3) cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and B in healthy men and women and associations with age, gender, hormonal status, and sex hormone use: the Stanford Five City Project. Prev Med. 2000 Oct;31(4):335-45. doi: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0715.
- Rimal RN. Closing the knowledge-behavior gap in health promotion: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Health Commun. 2000;12(3):219-37. doi: 10.1207/S15327027HC1203_01.
研究记录日期
研究主要日期
学习开始 (实际的)
初级完成 (实际的)
研究完成 (实际的)
研究注册日期
首次提交
首先提交符合 QC 标准的
首次发布 (估计)
研究记录更新
最后更新发布 (实际的)
上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新
最后验证
更多信息
此信息直接从 clinicaltrials.gov 网站检索,没有任何更改。如果您有任何更改、删除或更新研究详细信息的请求,请联系 register@clinicaltrials.gov. clinicaltrials.gov 上实施更改,我们的网站上也会自动更新.