Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Participants With Gout and Cardiovascular Comorbidities (CARES) (CARES)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Control, Phase 3B Study to Evaluate the Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Subjects With Gout and Cardiovascular Comorbidities
Study Overview
Status
Status
Conditions
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
The drug tested in this study was called Febuxostat (TMX-67). Febuxostat compared with allopurinol was evaluated for the cardiovascular (CV) safety in people with gout and significant CV comorbidities.
The study enrolled 6198 patients. Participants with a diagnosis of gout were enrolled in a 1:1 ratio to receive either:
- Febuxostat
- Allopurinol
Participants received febuxostat 40 mg or 80 mg for the study depending on their serum uric acid levels were either <6.0 mg/dL or ≥6.0 mg/dL during specified visits. Allopurinol 200 mg to 400 mg (for moderate renal impairment),or 300 mg to 600 mg (for normal and mild renal impairment), increased in 100 mg increments each month until serum uric acid was <6.0 mg/dL was received.
This multi-center trial was conducted in Canada, Mexico and United States. The overall time to participate in this study was approximately 7 years (84 months). Participants made multiple visits to the clinic and were also contacted through the telephone.
Study Type
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Enrollment
Phase
Phase
- Phase 3
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Distrito Federal
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Jalisco, Distrito Federal, Mexico
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Georgia
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Decatur, Georgia, United States
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Dunwoody, Georgia, United States
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Marietta, Georgia, United States
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Norcross, Georgia, United States
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Roswell, Georgia, United States
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Suwanee, Georgia, United States
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Waycross, Georgia, United States
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Hawaii
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Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
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Idaho
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Boise, Idaho, United States
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Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, United States
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Nampa, Idaho, United States
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Illinois
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Addison, Illinois, United States
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Arlington Heights, Illinois, United States
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Evanston, Illinois, United States
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Evergreen Park, Illinois, United States
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Flossmoor, Illinois, United States
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Melrose Park, Illinois, United States
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Morton, Illinois, United States
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Naperville, Illinois, United States
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Quincy, Illinois, United States
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Rockford, Illinois, United States
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Indiana
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Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Brownsburg, Indiana, United States
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Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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Valparaiso, Indiana, United States
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Iowa
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Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Kansas
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Lenexa, Kansas, United States
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Overland Park, Kansas, United States
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Topeka, Kansas, United States
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Wichita, Kansas, United States
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Kentucky
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Elizabethtown, Kentucky, United States
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Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Owensboro, Kentucky, United States
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Paducah, Kentucky, United States
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Louisiana
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Mer Rouge, Louisiana, United States
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Monroe, Louisiana, United States
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Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
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Maine
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Biddeford, Maine, United States
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Rockport, Maine, United States
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Maryland
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Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Cumberland, Maryland, United States
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Hagerstown, Maryland, United States
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Lutherville, Maryland, United States
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Wheaton, Maryland, United States
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Massachusetts
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Brockton, Massachusetts, United States
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Fall River, Massachusetts, United States
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Hyannis, Massachusetts, United States
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Worcester, Massachusetts, United States
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Michigan
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Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Bingham Farms, Michigan, United States
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Chelsea, Michigan, United States
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Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Flint, Michigan, United States
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Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
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Lansing, Michigan, United States
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Minnesota
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Chaska, Minnesota, United States
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Duluth, Minnesota, United States
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Edina, Minnesota, United States
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Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
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Mississippi
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Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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Olive Branch, Mississippi, United States
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Port Gibson, Mississippi, United States
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Missouri
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Clarkson Valley, Missouri, United States
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Hazelwood, Missouri, United States
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Kansas City, Missouri, United States
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Saint Charles, Missouri, United States
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Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
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Washington, Missouri, United States
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Montana
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Billings, Montana, United States
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Butte, Montana, United States
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Nebraska
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Bellevue, Nebraska, United States
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Grand Island, Nebraska, United States
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Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
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Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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Nevada
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Henderson, Nevada, United States
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Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
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Reno, Nevada, United States
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New Jersey
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Brick, New Jersey, United States
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Edison, New Jersey, United States
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Oradell, New Jersey, United States
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New Mexico
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Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
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Las Vegas, New Mexico, United States
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New York
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Endwell, New York, United States
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Freeport, New York, United States
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Glens Falls, New York, United States
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Mineola, New York, United States
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New Windsor, New York, United States
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New York, New York, United States
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Rochester, New York, United States
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West Seneca, New York, United States
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Westfield, New York, United States
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North Carolina
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Asheboro, North Carolina, United States
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Cary, North Carolina, United States
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Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
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Columbia, North Carolina, United States
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Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
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Huntersville, North Carolina, United States
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Lenoir, North Carolina, United States
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Monroe, North Carolina, United States
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Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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Salisbury, North Carolina, United States
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Shelby, North Carolina, United States
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Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
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Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
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North Dakota
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Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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Ohio
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Akron, Ohio, United States
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Centerville, Ohio, United States
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Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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Columbus, Ohio, United States
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Dayton, Ohio, United States
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Delaware, Ohio, United States
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Franklin, Ohio, United States
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Kettering, Ohio, United States
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Lyndhurst, Ohio, United States
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Marion, Ohio, United States
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Mentor, Ohio, United States
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Middleburg Heights, Ohio, United States
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Toledo, Ohio, United States
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Willoughby Hills, Ohio, United States
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Oklahoma
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Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
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Oregon
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Ashland, Oregon, United States
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Bend, Oregon, United States
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Eugene, Oregon, United States
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Portland, Oregon, United States
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Pennsylvania
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Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States
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Bensalem, Pennsylvania, United States
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Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
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Downingtown, Pennsylvania, United States
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Duncansville, Pennsylvania, United States
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Ephrata, Pennsylvania, United States
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Harleysville, Pennsylvania, United States
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Lansdale, Pennsylvania, United States
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McMurray, Pennsylvania, United States
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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Quakertown, Pennsylvania, United States
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Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, United States
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Rhode Island
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Cumberland, Rhode Island, United States
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East Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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South Carolina
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Anderson, South Carolina, United States
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Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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Columbia, South Carolina, United States
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Greenville, South Carolina, United States
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Greenwood, South Carolina, United States
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Greer, South Carolina, United States
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Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States
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Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States
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Pelzer, South Carolina, United States
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Simpsonville, South Carolina, United States
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Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States
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Tennessee
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Athens, Tennessee, United States
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Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
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Clarksville, Tennessee, United States
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Collierville, Tennessee, United States
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Fayetteville, Tennessee, United States
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Jackson, Tennessee, United States
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Kingsport, Tennessee, United States
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Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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New Tazewell, Tennessee, United States
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Texas
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Bellaire, Texas, United States
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Carrollton, Texas, United States
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Dallas, Texas, United States
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El Paso, Texas, United States
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Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Grapevine, Texas, United States
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Houston, Texas, United States
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Irving, Texas, United States
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McKinney, Texas, United States
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New Braunfels, Texas, United States
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Odessa, Texas, United States
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Pearland, Texas, United States
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Plano, Texas, United States
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Richardson, Texas, United States
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San Antonio, Texas, United States
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Southlake, Texas, United States
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Sugar Land, Texas, United States
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Tomball, Texas, United States
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Waco, Texas, United States
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Utah
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Bountiful, Utah, United States
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Draper, Utah, United States
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Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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West Jordan, Utah, United States
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Virginia
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Alexandria, Virginia, United States
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Arlington, Virginia, United States
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Burke, Virginia, United States
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Danville, Virginia, United States
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McLean, Virginia, United States
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Norfolk, Virginia, United States
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Richmond, Virginia, United States
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Salem, Virginia, United States
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Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States
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Washington
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Port Orchard, Washington, United States
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Tacoma, Washington, United States
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West Virginia
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Clarksburg, West Virginia, United States
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Wisconsin
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Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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New Berlin, Wisconsin, United States
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Oregon, Wisconsin, United States
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Verona, Wisconsin, United States
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Waukesha, Wisconsin, United States
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Weston, Wisconsin, United States
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- The participant or the participant's legally acceptable representative signs and dates a written, informed consent form/Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Authorization prior to the initiation of any study procedures.
- The participant is male ≥50 years of age or female ≥55 years of age and at least 2-years post-menopausal.
The participant has a history of major CV or cerebrovascular disease including at least one of the following:
- Myocardial infarction (MI).
- Hospitalized unstable angina.
- Cardiac or cerebrovascular revascularization procedure.
- Stroke.
- Hospitalized transient ischemic attack (TIA).
- Peripheral vascular disease (ankle brachial index ≤0.6, revascularization and/or well-documented history of claudication).
- History of diabetes mellitus with evidence of micro- or macrovascular disease (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, small vessel vascular diseases).
The participant has a history or presence of gout defined as having one or more of the American Rheumatism Association criteria for the diagnosis of gout:
- A tophus proven to contain urate crystals by chemical or polarized light microscopic means, and/or
- Characteristic urate crystals in the joint fluid, and/or
History of at least 6 of the following clinical, laboratory, and X-ray phenomena:
- More than 1 attack of acute arthritis.
- Maximum inflammation developed within 1 day.
- Monoarticular arthritis.
- Redness observed over joints.
- First metatarsophalangeal joint painful or swollen.
- Unilateral first metatarsophalangeal joint attack.
- Unilateral tarsal joint attack.
- Tophus (proven or suspected).
- Hyperuricemia.
- Asymmetric swelling within a joint on x-ray.
- Subcortical cysts without erosions on x-ray.
- Joint fluid culture negative for organisms during attack.
The participants must have either:
- a serum urate or serum uric acid (sUA) level ≥7.0 mg/dL (≥416 μmol/L) at the Day -7 Visit OR
- a sUA level ≥6.0 mg/dL (≥354 μmol/L) at the Day -7 Visit AND inadequately controlled gout (≥1 flare in the 12 months prior to screening and/or the presence of tophi).
- The participant is capable of understanding and complying with protocol requirements
Exclusion Criteria:
Participants who meet any of the following criteria will not qualify for entry into this study:
- The participant has secondary hyperuricemia (eg, due to myeloproliferative disorder, or organ transplant).
- The participant has a history of xanthinuria.
- The participant has received urate-lowering therapy (i.e., febuxostat, allopurinol, probenecid, etc.) or excluded medication during the screening period (beginning with Day -7).
- The participant has a known hypersensitivity to febuxostat or allopurinol or any components of their formulation.
- The participant has active peptic ulcer disease.
- The participant has a history of cancer (other than basal cell carcinoma of the skin) within 5 years prior to the first dose of study medication.
- The participant had MI or stroke within 60 days prior to the Screening Visit.
- The participant has alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal (×ULN) during the Screening period.
- The participant has a significant medical condition and/or conditions that would interfere with the treatment, safety, or compliance with the protocol.
- The participant has a history of drug abuse (defined as any illicit drug use) or a history of alcohol abuse within 5 years prior to the Screening Visit or the participant consumes >14 alcoholic beverages per week.
- The participant has received any investigational medicinal product within the 30 days prior to the Screening Visit and throughout the study.
- The participant's estimated creatinine clearance (CLcr) is <30 mL/min, where CLcr is calculated using the Cockcroft and Gault formula based on ideal body weight (IBW),
- The participant is an immediate family member, study site employee, or is in a dependant relationship with a study site employee who is involved in conduct of this study (eg, spouse, parent, child, sibling) or may consent under duress.
- The participant is required to take excluded medications
- The participant has a known history of infection with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
- Allocation: RANDOMIZED
- Interventional Model: PARALLEL
- Masking: QUADRUPLE
Number of Arms
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / ArmParticipant Group / Arm |
Intervention / TreatmentIntervention / Treatment |
|---|---|
|
EXPERIMENTAL: Febuxostat
Febuxostat 40 mg (or 80 mg beginning on week 4 if serum uric acid level was ≥6.0 mg/dL), tablets, orally, once daily for up to approximately 82 months.
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Febuxostat tablets
Other Names:
|
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ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Allopurinol
Allopurinol 300 mg to 600 mg (increased in 100 mg increments each month until serum uric acid was <6.0 mg/dL), tablets, orally, once daily for up to approximately 83 months to participants with mildly impaired renal function or normal renal function (estimated creatinine clearance [eCLcr] ≥60 mL/min) or allopurinol 200 mg to 400 mg (increased in 100 mg increments each month until serum uric acid was <6.0 mg/dL), tablets, orally, once daily for up to approximately 83 months to participants with moderately impaired renal function (eCLcr ≥30 but <60 mL/min).
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Allopurinol tablets
Other Names:
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Percentage of Participants With Primary Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) Composite (75% Interim Analysis)
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Percentage of Participants With Primary MACE Composite (Final Analysis)
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Percentage of Participants With Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaborative (APTC) Event
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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APTC events were defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Percentage of Participants With Cardiovascular (CV) Death
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as CV death.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as non-fatal MI.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Stroke
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as non-fatal stroke.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Percentage of Participants With Unstable Angina With Urgent Coronary Revascularization
Time Frame: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization.
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Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Sponsor
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- White WB, Chohan S, Dabholkar A, Hunt B, Jackson R. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat and allopurinol in patients with gout and cardiovascular comorbidities. Am Heart J. 2012 Jul;164(1):14-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.04.011. Epub 2012 Jun 13.
- White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, Borer JS, Gorelick PB, Whelton A, Hunt B, Castillo M, Gunawardhana L; CARES Investigators. Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Patients with Gout. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 29;378(13):1200-1210. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1710895. Epub 2018 Mar 12.
- Saag KG, Becker MA, White WB, Whelton A, Borer JS, Gorelick PB, Hunt B, Castillo M, Gunawardhana L; CARES Investigators. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Serum Urate Levels, Clinical Manifestations of Gout, and Death From Cardiovascular Causes in Patients Receiving Febuxostat or Allopurinol in an Outcomes Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Sep;74(9):1593-1601. doi: 10.1002/art.42160. Epub 2022 Aug 5.
- Fravel MA, Ernst ME. Management of gout in the older adult. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 Oct;9(5):271-85. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.07.004. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
Helpful Links
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (ACTUAL)
Study Start
Primary Completion (ACTUAL)
Primary Completion
Study Completion (ACTUAL)
Study Completion
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (ESTIMATE)
First Posted
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (ACTUAL)
Last Update Posted
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
Other Study ID Numbers
- TMX-67_301
- U1111-1114-4194 (REGISTRY: WHO)
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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