Mindfulness as a Method of Improving the Well-being, Quality of Life and Health of Primary School Pupils

March 14, 2025 updated by: Lund University

Mindfulness as a Method of Improving the Well-being, Quality of Life and Health of Primary School Pupils in Grades 0-9 (Ages 6-16)

This study evaluates the short and long-term effect of 5-10 minutes daily mindfulness and compassion training in school among children aged between 6-16 years old. The mindfulness intervention will last for 10 weeks and the results will be compared to children who do not perform mindfulness in school. Due to practical reasons, the study is not randomized; classes are instead placed in the mindfulness or control group. Anxiety, mental, physical and social health, quality of life, and school performance will be evaluated via questionnaires and school registries, before and after the intervention and thereafter once a year until the end of ninth grade (age 16 years). Long term health (diagnoses, medical consumption, and drug prescriptions) and family income (proxy for socioeconomic status) will be followed in regional and national registries until 25 years of age.

The hypothesis of the study is that mindfulness can prevent mental disorders and anxiety, and increase well-being in children and adolescents. The primary aim is to subsequently evaluate if regular, daily, mindfulness and compassion training (5-10 minutes) prevents anxiety and mental disorders in children and adolescents. Secondary aims are to evaluate 1) the effect of mindfulness on daily life, quality of life, and health in school pupils; 2) the effect of mindfulness on school performance; 3) the effect of mindfulness and compassion on the class room environment; 4) the effect of potential individual, family, and school-level risk factors on mental health in children and adolescents; 5) the effect of mindfulness on these potential risk factors.

Sessions are led by school teachers who have been educated in mindfulness. Their own levels of stress and mindfulness will be evaluated by a questionnaire and compared to teachers in control classes both before and after the intervention. The teachers will also be interviewed to evaluate the effect of mindfulness on the class room environment.

In a sub-study, the effect of mindfulness on brain structure and function will be examined by magnetic resonance imaging in school pupils aged 15-16 year old. This will be preceded by a pilot study, in which feasibility of the method is tested in the target group.

To achieve sufficient statistical power, taking into account a cluster effect to adjust for grouping of the pupils, 1750 children and adolescents will be recruited. Written informed consent is a prerequisite for participation.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Active, not recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
1750

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Sweden
      • Malmö, Sweden, 20502
        • Center for Primary Health Care Research

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

6 years to 16 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • School pupils in grade 0-9

Exclusion Criteria:

  • No exclusion criteria

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Non-Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Mindfulness and compassion
Children aged between 6-16 years old will perform 5-10 minutes daily mindfulness and compassion training in school. The intervention will last for 10 weeks.
Behavioral: Mindfulness and compassion
No Intervention: Control group
The control group consists of children who do not perform mindfulness in school.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Effect of mindfulness on change in anxiety and depression in children, grade 3-9, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth and the Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth.
Time Frame: Change from baseline depression and anxiety levels at 10 weeks
The primary aim is to evaluate if regular, daily, mindfulness and compassion practice (5-10 minutes) for 10 weeks prevents anxiety and depression in children, grade 3-9. Results will be compared within respective group (change from baseline) and between mindfulness and control group.
Change from baseline depression and anxiety levels at 10 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Effect of mindfulness on changes in daily life as measured by questions about school and leisure time (adapted from the Scania Public Health Survey).
Time Frame: Change from baseline daily life status at 10 weeks
To evaluate the effect of regular mindfulness on daily life in children, grade 0-9, as measured by a number of questions about school and leisure time (adapted from the Scania Public Health Survey).
Change from baseline daily life status at 10 weeks
Effect of regular mindfulness practice on school performance (data collected from school registers)
Time Frame: Grade 0 (pupils aged 6-7 years) and will continue on a yearly basis until grade 9 (pupils aged 15-16).
To evaluate the effect of regular mindfulness on grades and attendance. The report cards will be collected before the Swedish summer holidays commence in June
Grade 0 (pupils aged 6-7 years) and will continue on a yearly basis until grade 9 (pupils aged 15-16).
Effect of mindfulness on change in class room environment (evaluated by questionnaires, weekly schedule, and interviews with teachers).
Time Frame: Change from baseline class room environment at 10 weeks
To evaluate the effect of regular mindfulness on class room environment (evaluated by questionnaires, weekly schedule, and interviews with teachers).
Change from baseline class room environment at 10 weeks
Effect of risk factors on mental health: longitudinal follow-up study.
Time Frame: Baseline, 10 weeks, 52 weeks. Thereafter yearly until 25 years of age.
To evaluate the association between, and effect of, potential individual, family, and school-level factors on mental health in children and adolescents. First results are obtained at baseline via questionnaires, the next 10 weeks later. Thereafter yearly until ninth grade (questionnaires) and until 25 years of age (diagnoses via registers)
Baseline, 10 weeks, 52 weeks. Thereafter yearly until 25 years of age.
Effect of mindfulness on risk factors: longitudinal follow-up study.
Time Frame: 10 weeks, 52 weeks. Thereafter yearly until 25 years of age.
The effect of mindfulness on potential individual, family, and school-level risk factors. First evaluation after 10 weeks. Thereafter yearly until ninth grade (questionnaires) and 25 years of age (diagnoses via registers).
10 weeks, 52 weeks. Thereafter yearly until 25 years of age.
Effect of mindfulness on changes in quality of life as measured by questions adapted from the Scania Public Health Survey and Living Conditions Surveys (ULF/SILC)
Time Frame: Change from baseline quality of life at 10 weeks
To evaluate the effect of regular mindfulness on quality of life in children, grade 0-9, as measured by questions adapted from the Scania Public Health Survey and Living Conditions Surveys (ULF/SILC)
Change from baseline quality of life at 10 weeks
Effect of mindfulness on changes in health as measured by questions about school and leisure time (adapted from the Scania Public Health Survey).
Time Frame: Change from baseline health at 10 weeks
To evaluate the effect of regular mindfulness on health in children, grade 0-9, as measured by a number of questions about general health (adapted from the Scania Public Health Survey)
Change from baseline health at 10 weeks
Long-term effect of mindfulness practice on anxiety, depression, daily life, quality of life and health as measured by the BDI Youth, the Scania Public Health Survey and Living Conditions Surveys (ULF/SILC) and registries: longitudinal follow-up study
Time Frame: 52 weeks and thereafter yearly until 25 years of age.
Long-term follow-up of outcomes # 1, 2, 7 and 8 via questionnaires once a year until ninth grade, and health until 25 years of age (diagnoses via registers)
52 weeks and thereafter yearly until 25 years of age.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Lund University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Region Skane

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Jan Sundquist, PhD, MD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 12, 2016

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
January 30, 2021

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
June 30, 2039

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 29, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
October 30, 2017

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
October 31, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 25, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 14, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2016/299

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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