Effects of Motor Imagery and Action Observation in People With Multiple Sclerosis

December 15, 2025 updated by: Melike Sumeyye Ozen, Hacettepe University

Investigation of the Effects of Motor Imagery and Action Observation in People With Multiple Sclerosis

It was planned to examine the effects of motor imagery and action observation applied in addition to standard rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis on walking, fatigue, and trunk control.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
48

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being between the ages of 18-65
  • A definitive diagnosis of MS by a neurologist according to the 2017 McDonald Criteria
  • Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4.0 and below (it is determined routinely by the physician during the examination)
  • Not having an attack in the last 3 months
  • A minimum score of 4 in each motor imagery ability (internal visual imagery, external visual imagery, and kinesthetic imagery) on the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • cognitive impairment, defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of less than 24
  • Having another musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, or neurological disease severe enough to preclude participation in the study.
  • Having severe vision and hearing problems

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Motor Imagery Group
Individuals included in this group will receive 20 minutes of motor imagery training in addition to 40 minutes of standard rehabilitation. Patients will be trained 3 days a week for 6 weeks.
Other: Motor Imagery training
Individuals included in this group will receive 20 minutes of motor imagery training in addition to 40 minutes of standard rehabilitation.
Other: standard rehabilitation
40 minutes of standard rehabilitation.
Experimental: Action Observation Group
Individuals included in this group will receive 20 minutes of action observation training in addition to 40 minutes of standard rehabilitation. Patients will be trained 3 days a week for 6 weeks.
Other: standard rehabilitation
40 minutes of standard rehabilitation.
Other: Action Observation training
Individuals included in this group will receive 20 minutes of action observation training in addition to 40 minutes of standard rehabilitation.
Other: Control Group
Individuals included in this group will receive only 40 minutes of standard rehabilitation. Patients will be trained 3 days a week for 6 weeks.
Other: standard rehabilitation
40 minutes of standard rehabilitation.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
6 Min Walking Test
Time Frame: 6 week
It will be used to measure walking distance. Before the test is administered, individuals will be given the necessary information and will be asked to walk as fast as possible on a 30-meter track for 6 minutes.
6 week

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
RehaGait® (Hasomed, Magdeburg, Germany) Gait Analysis
Time Frame: 6 week
The device gives about the time-distance characteristics and kinematic data of the gait.
6 week
Fatigue Severity Scale
Time Frame: 6 week
It is a scale that evaluates the extent to which fatigue affects the daily functions of MS patients. The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 7, while the highest score is 63. It is accepted that the severity of fatigue increases as the total score increases.
6 week
Timed Up and Go Test
Time Frame: 6 week
It will be used to evaluate the dynamic balance of individuals while walking. Individuals will be asked to stand up from the chair they are sitting on without support and walk a distance of 3 meters, then return from the designated area and sit on the chair without support.
6 week
Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12
Time Frame: 6 week
It is a scale used to measure perceived walking ability. The lowest possible total score on the scale is "12," while the highest is "60". An increase in the total score indicates a negative impact on walking ability.
6 week
Trunk Impairment Scale
Time Frame: 6 week
Trunk control was assessed using the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), which consists of three subscales: static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance, and coordination. The lowest possible total score on the scale is "0", while the highest is "23". An increase in the total score indicates increased trunk control.
6 week

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Hacettepe University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Melike Sumeyye Ozen, M.Sc., Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
June 1, 2022

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 1, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
June 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
May 12, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 16, 2022

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
May 17, 2022

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimated)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
December 19, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
December 15, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2022-5

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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