Effects of Warm-up Intensity and Blood Flow Restriction

May 27, 2025 updated by: Franciele Marques Vanderle, Paulista University

Effects of Warm-up Intensity and Blood Flow Restriction: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Introduction: warming up has the function of preparing the body structures for a given task to be performed during sports, increasing body and muscle temperature, focusing on improving performance. Therefore, the use of the blood flow restriction technique (BFR) can be seen as a promising alternative for promoting greater mechanical and muscular stress, thus providing a more efficient warm-up and optimizing performance. Objectives: to analyze the effects of RFS used during low-intensity warm-up compared with low-intensity and high-intensity warm-up without RFS on performance (jump test and 30-meter sprint test) and skin surface temperature. In addition to analyzing and comparing, after the warm-up protocols with and without RFS, the acute responses on perceptual outcomes (perception of pain, change in sensitivity, subjective perception of exertion and perception of discomfort in relation to RFS) and muscle outcomes (tonus , muscle stiffness and elasticity). Methods: a randomized controlled clinical trial will be carried out, with 33 amateur soccer players aged between 18 and 35 years who will be randomly divided into three groups: low-intensity warm-up without RFS (30% VO2max), high-intensity warm-up without RFS ( 80% VO2max) and low-intensity warm-up associated with BFR (80% of total occlusion pressure) [30% VO2max-BFR]. All groups will carry out the heating protocol and the outcomes will be evaluated at baseline and immediately after the end of the heating, as well as 10 and 20 minutes after its completion, namely: skin surface temperature through thermography; tone, stiffness and muscle elasticity by myotometry, subjective perception of pain (VAS); pain threshold through the pressure algometer; subjective perception of exertion (BORG scale); perception of discomfort in relation to RFS (LIKERT-CR-10 scale); 30-meter sprints measured through photocells and vertical jump, measured through the force platform. Descriptive statistics will be used and comparisons will be made using the generalized linear mixed model, assuming a significance level of p<0.05.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

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Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

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Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
108

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Brazil
    • SP
      • Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, 55
        • Franciele Marques Vanderlei
    • São Paulo
      • Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, 19060-900
        • Carlos Alberto Toledo Teixeira Filho

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 35 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • male
  • healthy
  • amateur soccer player
  • aged between 18 and 35 years

Exclusion Criteria:

  • smokers;
  • alcoholics;
  • use drugs that influenced cardiac autonomic activity;
  • cardiovascular, metabolic or endocrine diseases;
  • having one or more predisposing risk factors for thromboembolism;
  • history of lower extremity surgery or musculoskeletal injury within the last six months that may impair your performance during testing or warm-up (e.g., meniscal repair, ligament reconstruction, muscle injury, tendinopathy, lower extremity patellofemoral pain, and/or back pain);

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: warm-up performed at 80% VO2max
The warm-up exercise will be performed on an ergometric treadmill, through a protocol of 15 minutes duration, with the first 5 minutes of acceleration, until reaching 80% of VO2max, the following 5 minutes of maintenance and the remaining 5 minutes being of slowdown.
Other: Warm-up exercise
The warm-up exercise will be performed on a treadmill.
Other Names:
  • Aerobic Exercise
  • Warming-up
Experimental: warm-up performed at 30% VO2max
The warm-up exercise will be performed on an ergometric treadmill, through a protocol of 15 minutes duration, with the first 5 minutes of acceleration, until reaching 30% of VO2max, the following 5 minutes of maintenance and the remaining 5 minutes being of slowdown.
Other: Warm-up exercise
The warm-up exercise will be performed on a treadmill.
Other Names:
  • Aerobic Exercise
  • Warming-up
Experimental: warm-up performed at 30% VO2max with Blood Flow Restriction
The warm-up exercise will be performed on an ergometric treadmill, through a protocol of 15 minutes of duration, with the first 5 minutes of acceleration, until reaching 30% of VO2max, the following 5 minutes of maintenance and the remaining 5 minutes being of slowdown. During the warm-up exercise, a pressure cuff will be used on each leg, with the blood flow restriction technique (80% of arterial occlusion pressure).
Other: Warm-up exercise with Blood Flow Restriction
The warm-up exercise will be performed on a treadmill and pressure cuffs will be used for the blood flow restriction technique.
Other Names:
  • Aerobic Exercise
  • Blood Flow Restriction
  • Warming-up

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Temperature
Time Frame: At the baseline
Skin surface temperature will be evaluated using a thermographic camera
At the baseline
Temperature
Time Frame: Immediately after warm-up
Skin surface temperature will be evaluated using a thermographic camera
Immediately after warm-up
Performance in Squat Jump Test
Time Frame: At the baseline
The squat jump test will be performed at jumping platform (Multisprint, Hidrofit, Brazil)
At the baseline
Performance in Squat Jump Test
Time Frame: Immediately after warm-up
The squat jump test will be performed at jumping platform (Multisprint, Hidrofit, Brazil)
Immediately after warm-up
Performance in 30 meter sprint
Time Frame: At the baseline
the sprint test will be performed in a hall and two pairs of photoelectric cells (Multisprint®, Hidrofit, Brazil) will be used with an accuracy of 0.01 seconds.
At the baseline
Performance in 30 meter sprint
Time Frame: Immediately after warm-up
the sprint test will be performed in a hall and two pairs of photoelectric cells (Multisprint®, Hidrofit, Brazil) will be used with an accuracy of 0.01 seconds.
Immediately after warm-up

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Pain threshold
Time Frame: At the baseline
To assess the pain threshold, the pressure algometer will be applied at 10 specific locations on the lower limb
At the baseline
Pain threshold
Time Frame: Immediately after warm-up
To assess the pain threshold, the pressure algometer will be applied at 10 specific locations on the lower limb
Immediately after warm-up
Muscle Pain
Time Frame: At the baseline
The subjective evaluation of pain will be obtained through the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), graded from 0 to 10, with zero being the total absence of pain and 10 the maximum level of pain supported by the participan
At the baseline
Muscle Pain
Time Frame: Immediately after warm-up
The subjective evaluation of pain will be obtained through the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), graded from 0 to 10, with zero being the total absence of pain and 10 the maximum level of pain supported by the participan
Immediately after warm-up
Perceived Effort Scale (Borg)
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
The degree of subjective exertion reported by the participants in relation to the lower limbs will be analyzed by Borg's scale of perception of effort of 0 to 10 points, 0 being "very easy" and 10 being "exhaustive."
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Resistance through Bioimpedance analysis (BIA)
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Evaluation of tissue resistance, the higher the value, the worse the result
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Reactance through Bioimpedance analysis (BIA)
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Evaluation of tissue reactance, the higher the value, the better the cell integrity
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Phase angle through Bioimpedance analysis (BIA)
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Assessment of the phase angle, the higher the value, the better the condition of the participant
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Tone muscular through Myotonometry used the MyotonPRO equipment
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Natural Oscillation Frequency [Hz], characterizing Tone of the muscles: quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, triceps surae and tibialis anterior
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Stiffness through Myotonometry used the MyotonPRO equipment
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time [ms] featuring muscle elasticity of the muscles: quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, triceps surae and tibialis anterior
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
heart rate variability indices in the time domain
Time Frame: At the baseline time (30 minutes rest in the supine position), during the warm-up (15 minutes in the treadmill) and immediately after the warm-up (60 minutes rest in the supine position)
Mean RR, SDNN e rMSSD
At the baseline time (30 minutes rest in the supine position), during the warm-up (15 minutes in the treadmill) and immediately after the warm-up (60 minutes rest in the supine position)
heart rate variability indices in the frequency domain
Time Frame: At the baseline time (30 minutes rest in the supine position), during the warm-up (15 minutes in the treadmill) and immediately after the warm-up (60 minutes rest in the supine position)
LF and HF in nu and ms2
At the baseline time (30 minutes rest in the supine position), during the warm-up (15 minutes in the treadmill) and immediately after the warm-up (60 minutes rest in the supine position)
heart rate variability indices analyzed in the Poincaré plot
Time Frame: At the baseline time (30 minutes rest in the supine position), during the warm-up (15 minutes in the treadmill) and immediately after the warm-up (60 minutes rest in the supine position)
SD1 and SD2 in ms
At the baseline time (30 minutes rest in the supine position), during the warm-up (15 minutes in the treadmill) and immediately after the warm-up (60 minutes rest in the supine position)
Perceived discomfort Scale (Likert-RFS)
Time Frame: At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up
The degree of subjective discomfort reported by the participants in relation to the lower limbs refferd a blood flow restriction will be analyzed by Likert Scale of perception of effort of 0 to 10 points, 0 being "no discomfort" and 10 being "very discomfortable."
At the baseline and Immediately after warm-up

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Paulista University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
March 15, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
August 20, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 15, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 11, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 29, 2022

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 31, 2022

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
May 31, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 27, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • Warm-up_BRF_FCT/UNESP

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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