Ethnic Minorities Experiences of Healthcare Intervention (EM)

February 5, 2026 updated by: Katie Robinson, University of Nottingham

A Qualitative Study Exploring Ethnic Minorities Experiences of Healthcare Interventions Delivered at Home or in Community Centres

As ethnic diversity in Britain continues to grow, so do the health needs in a society with many different ethnic backgrounds, including the need for personalised healthcare. Studies show that people from ethnic minority groups are at a higher risk of illness and death compared to white people with the same health issues.

For example, ethnic minority individuals have strokes five years earlier than white people and are at greater risk of serious problems, including an increased risk of falling. These differences are made worse because people from ethnic minority communities are less likely to use or engage with healthcare interventions delivered in the community, which increases health inequalities.

Ethnic minorities have a greater susceptibility to falls because they are likely to have underlying health issues, such as high blood pressure and diabetes. We do not have enough evidence on what treatment can stop these falls. Older adults who fall can get hurt and may even die from their falls. Research hasn't found the best ways to prevent falls for ethnic minorities, because often, they are underrepresented in the study. The NHS wants to transform care delivery by providing more care in the community rather than in hospitals, by using more digital tools instead of paper methods and focusing more on keeping people healthy rather than just treating sickness. This means healthcare services need to be designed to meet the specific needs of different ethnic groups when they are provided at home or in community centres. This qualitative study is classified into two phases. The purpose of Phase 1 of the study is to understand how people from ethnic minority backgrounds feel about accessing healthcare delivered to them at home or in community centres, with the view to identifying how to help them participate in these services. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups or informal conversations will be conducted with adults from Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, or Mixed ethnic backgrounds. The study aims to find out what changes can be made to better meet their needs. Phase 1 will explore broad areas of health due to health inequalities in diagnosis and treatment outcomes for the ethnic minority population. This will help understand the relevant factors to consider when delivering interventions. Phase 2 of the study will focus on falls prevention intervention due to the greater susceptibility to falls among ethnic minorities. A range of people deliver falls prevention in the community, for example, exercise instructors, personal trainers, support workers, nurses, AHPs, falls leads, community groups coordinators, etc. A semi-structured interview will be conducted with people delivering falls prevention interventions in the community to explore their experiences of providing tailored treatment to ethnic minorities.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

As the diversity of Britain continues to grow, so are the health challenges of a multi-diverse society, including the delivery of individualised healthcare (Blake 2024). With the NHS 10-year plan focusing on moving care "from hospital to community, from analogue to digital, and from a focus on sickness to a focus on prevention" (GOV.UK 2025), there is a need for healthcare interventions to be tailored to ethnic minorities needs to mitigate disparities in treatment outcomes (Khunti et al. 2023; Morales and Ali 2021; Tai et al. 2021; Kirby 2020; Gill et al. 2013) and inequity in the safety of healthcare (Wade 2023) as shown in the greater COVID-19 burden experienced by ethnic minorities and the limitation in the effectiveness of interventions for this population (Oskrochi et al. 2023). Despite this knowledge, ethnic minorities are underrepresented in health intervention research (Kayani et al. 2024). They are less likely to engage with healthcare interventions delivered in the community (Smart and Harrison 2016), exacerbating health inequalities that exist (The King's Fund 2024).

Evidence suggests people from ethnic minority backgrounds have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than white people from cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and aortic disease (Cousins 2024; Razieh et al. 2022). For example, the onset of stroke in ethnic minority individuals is five years earlier than their white counterparts and is twice as common in black populations (Stroke Association 2016) with higher risk of severe adverse outcomes (Fluck et al. 2023), leading to multiple long-term unmet needs (McKevitt et al. 2011), including increased risk of falling (Denissen et al. 2019; NICE 2025). According to Haagsma et al. (2020) report, there is an increased incidence of fall-related injuries requiring healthcare intervention for older adults and increased death rates due to falls. From the existing evidence, there are inconclusive findings to determine the optimum falls prevention interventions (Winter et al. 2013). These studies more often than not fail to report ethnicity data (Nanavati et al. 2024).

Ethnic minorities face higher fall risks (Wehner-Hewson et al. 2022) due to the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes (Freire et al. 2024). Koh et al. (2023) highlighted the interrelationship factors that enable and/or prevent implementation of falls prevention programs in the community. This aligns with World Falls Guidelines, which recommend a tailored multidomain approach to assessing falls risk and implementation of preventative measures (Montero-Odasso et al. 2022). There is an indication that effective implementation of falls prevention intervention requires a multifaceted approach, including collaboration between healthcare professionals, individuals and their support system (Ong et al. 2024), in addition to accessibility of the falls programme (Barmentloo et al. 2020).

This qualitative study is component two of the larger doctoral project exploring ' how falls prevention interventions could be adapted to provide tailored treatment to ethnic minority adults accessing healthcare interventions delivered at home or in community centres. This protocol only refers to this component of the overarching project. The overall doctoral study has three components, which include: a qualitative systematic review (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251003414), a qualitative study and a co-design workshop with iterative and participative action research. Findings from one component will inform the other to help identify whether healthcare interventions delivered at home or in community centres need to be adapted to meet the needs of ethnic minorities.

The aim of the qualitative study (phase 1) is to explore the views and lived experiences from the perspectives of the ethnic minority population accessing healthcare interventions delivered at home or in community centres, and how their participation in healthcare interventions in their own homes or community centres could be supported. Phase 2 of the study aims to explore the experiences of individuals delivering falls prevention interventions in the community.

The data collection methods for phase 1 are semi-structured interviews, focus groups and informal conversational interviews and semi-structured interviews for phase 2. Undertaking semi-structured interviews, focus groups and having informal conversations provides an opportunity for different cultural and religious requirements to be explored, surfacing ways to improve cultural competence. These qualitative methods can help capture differences in opinion and experiences, providing essential deeper insights into real-world situations (Tenny et al. 2022). It will help drill into the multi-faceted and complex nature of healthcare interventions research delivered in the community, its benefits, challenges, and implementation.

Furthermore, a qualitative study is an ideal method for developing partnerships, gaining trust, and building concepts that work for the community. It will provide an understanding of the support required by ethnic minorities to engage in healthcare interventions and assess the inequalities in accessing healthcare interventions delivered in the community. It will help probe into the social, cultural and behavioural nuances. A narrative approach will be used to present the perspectives of the participants (Tenny et al. 2022; Cleland 2017).

The potential risk for this study could be participants sharing sensitive, embarrassing or upsetting information or other disclosures requiring safeguarding action. Another possible risk is that focus group participants may disclose personal information or what has been said in the focus group once the study is over. The researcher(s) will remind participants to respect each other's privacy and maintain confidentiality, and that it is prohibited to repeat anything that has been discussed during the study conversations outside of the study.

It is recognised that findings from this study may not be generalizable to all populations. However, contextual depth will provide rich and valuable insights for healthcare interventions delivered in people's homes or community centres.

The population to be studied in Phase 1 is ethnic minorities. According to the GOV.UK (2024), ethnic minorities refers to all ethnic groups except white British group in the UK. In the context of this study, ethnic minorities include Asian ethnic groups, Black African, Black Caribbean, and people with a Mixed ethnic background. This study will focus on this population because of ethnic inequality in diagnosed illness among this group (The Health Foundation 2025) and increased risk of falling (Wehner-Hewson et al. 2022). The study will seek a diverse group of participants, including individuals from both genders and various ethnic minority groups. In Phase 1, participants information will be provided to all potential participants in an easy-read format to make it accessible to people with language barriers or learning disabilities. The study summary videos are in English and Urdu to facilitate inclusion. A University of Nottingham approved interpreter will be used if required. In Phase 2, the population to be studied is individuals delivering falls prevention interventions in the community, for example, exercise instructors, personal trainers, support workers, nurses, AHPs, falls leads, community groups coordinators, etc. They will be provided with study information using a standardised University of Nottingham template.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
45

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • United Kingdom
      • Nottingham, United Kingdom, NG7 2UH
        • Recruiting
        • Centre for Rehabilitation and Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham
        • Contact:
        • Sub-Investigator:
          • Joy Watterson, PhD researcher
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Katie Robinson, PhD
        • Sub-Investigator:
          • Fran Allen, PhD
        • Sub-Investigator:
          • Caroline Rick, PhD
        • Sub-Investigator:
          • Laura Nellums, PhD

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

In Phase 1, up to 30 individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds (Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, and people with a Mixed ethnic background) will be recruited into the study. In Phase 2, up to 15 individuals delivering falls prevention intervention in the community, irrespective of ethnic background, will be recruited.

To ensure a diverse sample, the following attributes will be purposively sought:

  • Participants from both genders.
  • Participants from different ethnic minority groups will be identified through self-identification.
  • Adults who receive or deliver healthcare intervention at home or in community settings identified through self-identification.
  • Adults who declined healthcare intervention at home or in community settings identified through self-identification.
  • Support will be provided to participants who speak little English, have aphasia or a learning disability to take part in the study if they have the capacity to provide informed consent.

Description

Phase 1:

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Ethnic minority individuals
  • Adults aged 18 and over
  • Never accessed or accessed or used or declined health intervention
  • Able to provide informed consent
  • Lives in their own home or living with family/ friend or supported living facilities
  • Lives in the United Kingdom at the time of study participation

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients in hospital admissions
  • Adults living in care homes

Phase 2:

Inclusion criteria:

  • Individuals delivering falls prevention interventions in the community, for example, exercise instructors, personal trainers, support workers, nurses, AHPs, falls leads, community groups coordinators, etc.
  • From any ethnic background
  • Adults aged 18 and over
  • Able to provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

  • Provides falls prevention intervention only to inpatients, or in hospital settings, or in care homes
  • Lives outside of the United Kingdom at the time of study participation

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Phase 1: Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, or Mixed ethnic background
To explore the views of ethnic minorities on accessing healthcare interventions delivered at home or in community centres and to understand how they could be supported to utilise these healthcare interventions.
Other: Qualitative study - Phase 1

Semi-structured interviews will enable an in-depth conversation between the researcher and the participant, delving deeply into personal and sometimes sensitive issues that participants are unable to talk about in a focus group.

Focus groups allow participants to share their thoughts and experiences as part of a group, bouncing off each other instead of answering questions alone. People can discuss with each other and the researcher can learn not just what people think, but also how and why they think that way.

Both semi-structured interviews and focus groups will be audio recorded with participants consent, which may influence what participants say or do not say during the conversations. This could also make people uncomfortable, and therefore, they may decide not to participate in the study.

Therefore, an informal conversational interview is needed as an option. Informal conversations will not be recorded, creating a more friendly and comfortable atmosphere for people to share their

Other Names:
  • focus group
  • semi-structured interviews
  • informal conversational interview
Phase 2: Individuals delivering falls prevention interventions in the community
In Phase 2, the population to be studied are individuals delivering falls prevention interventions in the community, for example, exercise instructors, personal trainers, support workers, nurses, AHPs, falls leads, community groups coordinators. An estimation of up to 15 participants will be recruited to explore how individuals delivering falls prevention interventions in the community provide tailored interventions to ethnic minorities at home or in community centres.
Other: Qualitative study - Phase 2
Individuals delivering falls prevention intervention in the community will be recruited from established professional networks, social media and through existing collaborations and contacts. We want to understand how fall interventions are tailored and delivered in the community to ethnic minority individuals and what ideal falls prevention intervention services could look like when delivered in people's homes or community centres, so we can learn from experiences and inform future practice.
Other Names:
  • semi-structured interview

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Thematic analysis of qualitative data.
Time Frame: 12 months
Interviews, focus groups and informal conversational interview data will be thematically analysed by coding the data into categories, identifying patterns and themes to gain insights into the cultural, social and behavioural nuances that may influence ethnic minorities participation in healthcare interventions delivered in their own homes or community centres.
12 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to measure or present facilitators to implementation of healthcare interventions.
Time Frame: 12 months
CFIR will be used to present barriers and enablers to participation in healthcare interventions delivered in peoples' homes or community centres with a view to identifying where targeted adaptation could be made to provide an intervention that led to effective change. This approach will help build the theory for exploring opinions and experiences that can inform how ethnic minorities will be supported to take part in healthcare interventions delivered in their own homes or community centres.
12 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Nottingham

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Katie Robinson, PhD, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 20, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
July 31, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 31, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 12, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 30, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
October 8, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
February 10, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 5, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 25044
  • NIHR SPCR 2024-2027 (Other Grant/Funding Number: NIHR School for Primary Care Research (SPCR))

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

All data will be from qualitative interviews, therefore they are not suitable for IPD meta-analysis.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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