PainTrain-AI Pilot: Feasibility, Usability (SUS) and Concept-Shift in Primary Care and a Specialized Setting (PT-AI Pilot)

March 28, 2026 updated by: Francesc Valenzuela Pascual

Feasibility and Usability of a Digital Clinical Simulation (PainTrain AI) for Chronic Pain Training in Health Professionals: A Multicenter Pilot in Primary Care (ICS) and a Specialized Comparative Setting

This pilot will assess feasibility and usability (SUS) and explore concept shift (reduction of neurophysiology misconceptions) after exposure to a behavioral educational intervention (PainTrain AI), a digital clinical simulation "fenced" by evidence (RAG) for safe, non diagnostic training. The study will be conducted in Primary Care and in a specialized comparative setting, without patient data collection. Primary endpoint: SUS score. Secondary endpoints: concept shift, adherence to micromodules, and interaction latency as friction metric. The platform does not generate clinical advice; it retrieves validated teaching content.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This feasibility pilot will evaluate the use of PainTrain AI, a behavioral educational intervention designed to improve clinical reasoning about chronic pain through simulated dialogues with virtual standardized patients. The platform uses a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) safety architecture that restricts all generated responses to validated pedagogical content and does not provide clinical advice. No patient information is collected.

The study includes health professionals from Primary Care and a specialized comparative setting. Participants will complete a baseline assessment and then interact with the PainTrain AI simulation for a defined training period. Usability will be assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Concept shift will be measured as the reduction in predefined neurophysiology misconceptions scored through a standardized rubric. Additional metrics include adherence to micromodules and interaction latency as indicators of technological friction.

This pilot aims to determine feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary signals of educational effectiveness to inform a future implementation trial in Primary Care. The intervention is educational only, non diagnostic, and GDPR compliant.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
40

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Health professionals in Primary Care (medicine, physiotherapy, nursing, psychology, nutrition) and specialized setting; willingness to use the platform; institutional approval.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • lack of institutional access; unavailability during pilot window

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: PainTrain-AI Behavioral Training
Participants in this arm will receive the behavioral educational intervention PainTrain-AI, a digital clinical simulation that uses a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) safety architecture to deliver evidence-based teaching content. The platform provides simulated dialogues with virtual standardized patients to train biopsychosocial reasoning about chronic pain. All participants receive the same intervention; there is no control group.
Behavioral: PainTrain-AI Behavioral Training
PainTrain-AI is a behavioral educational intervention delivered through a digital clinical simulation platform. The system uses a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) safety architecture to ensure that all responses are generated only from validated pedagogical content. Participants engage in simulated dialogues with virtual standardized patients to practice biopsychosocial reasoning about chronic pain. The intervention is non-diagnostic, does not provide clinical advice, and does not involve patient data. All participants receive the same intervention.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Usability (SUS, 0-100)
Time Frame: 4-8 weeks after onboarding
Usability will be assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS), a validated 10-item questionnaire that yields a score from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better usability. Participants will complete the SUS after interacting with the PainTrain-AI educational simulation for the predefined training period. The primary feasibility criterion is achieving a mean SUS score ≥75, indicating good usability.
4-8 weeks after onboarding

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Concept Shift
Time Frame: 4-8 weeks.
Concept-shift will be assessed as the change in the proportion of predefined misconceptions about pain neurophysiology identified in a standardized scoring rubric. Participants will complete a brief conceptual test before and after exposure to the PainTrain-AI educational simulation. Concept-shift is calculated as the reduction in incorrect or outdated statements related to chronic pain mechanisms. Higher improvement reflects better conceptual understanding. No patient data are involved.
4-8 weeks.
Adherence
Time Frame: 4-8 weeks
Adherence will be measured as the proportion of scheduled training modules or simulation sessions that each participant completes within the study period. Adherence is calculated as the percentage of completed sessions relative to the total number of modules assigned. Higher values indicate greater engagement with the PainTrain-AI educational intervention. No patient data are involved.
4-8 weeks
Latency/friction
Time Frame: 4-8 weeks
Latency will be measured as the average system response time (in seconds) during user interactions with the PainTrain-AI digital simulation. Latency is calculated automatically from platform logs as the time elapsed between a user input and the system's generated response. Higher latency indicates greater technological friction. This outcome evaluates technical feasibility and user experience. No patient data are involved.
4-8 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Francesc Valenzuela Pascual

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Fran Valenzuela-Pascual, Dr., Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida) / Universitat de Lleida (UdL)

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
January 1, 2027

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
January 1, 2028

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
September 1, 2028

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 23, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 23, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 27, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
April 2, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 28, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • PT-AI-PILOT-2026

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

No IPD will be shared because the study does not involve patient data or clinical individual-level information. Only anonymized usage datasets and aggregated concept-shift scores may be shared according to a FAIR plan (anonymized logs + codebooks), deposited in public repositories after embargo per grant policy.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

Cookie Settings

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For more details carefully read our Privacy and Cookies Policy. ...>>>You can change your preferences or withdraw your consent at any time by deleting the cookies from your website or computer as described in the policy. Please accept it and choose your preferences by ticking the corresponding boxes in the "Manage Settings" section below. Please carefully read our Terms of Service before you proceed with using any part of this website.
«Manage Settings