Effects of Short and Long Courses of Intermittent Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Training in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Including Elderly (EFIR)

May 4, 2026 updated by: National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine

A Single-Center Randomized Clinical Trial With Prospective Follow-up of the Efficacy and Safety of Short and Long Duration Intermittent Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Training in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Including Elderly Patients

This is a single-center randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of short (3 days) versus long (10 days) courses of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic training (IHHT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 50-74 years. Participants will be randomized into three groups: 3-day IHHT course (n≥100), 10-day IHHT course (n≥100), or control group receiving gas mixture with constant O2 21% for 10 days (n≥50). The primary outcomes are fasting glucose levels and HbA1c. Secondary outcomes include cardiovascular parameters, quality of life, cognitive function, and biological age.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
250

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • Russia
      • Moscow, Russia
        • Recruiting
        • National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
        • Contact:
          • Oksana Drapkina
          • Phone Number: +7 (495) 212-07-13

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 50-74 years inclusive
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus confirmed by medical documentation
  • Stable therapy for diabetes and other chronic diseases for at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment
  • Ability to comply with study protocol requirements
  • Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • Acute diabetes complications within 6 months (diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemic coma)
  • Acute or active chronic infections
  • Angina pectoris functional class III-IV
  • Uncontrolled grade 3 arterial hypertension (SBP ≥180 and/or DBP ≥110 mmHg)
  • Acute cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, surgical interventions, clinically significant injuries within 6 months
  • Internal carotid artery stenosis >60% and/or symptomatic stenosis 50-99%
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma
  • Exacerbation and decompensation of chronic diseases within 1 month ALT and/or AST levels >2-3 times upper limit of normal
  • Congenital heart and major vessel abnormalities
  • Implanted cardiac pacemaker
  • Cancer with remission <5 years
  • Mental illness, drug addiction, alcohol dependence
  • Pregnancy
  • Inability to participate throughout the study period

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Arm 1: Short Course IHHT (3 days)
Participants receive 3 consecutive daily sessions of IHHT (24 minutes each, 3 cycles of 5-min hypoxia/3-min hyperoxia, target SpO2 80-85%)
Other: Intermittent Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Training (3 days)
Three daily sessions using HYPO-OXY-1 (OXYTERRA) device
Experimental: Arm 2: Long Course IHHT (10 days)
Participants receive 10 daily sessions of IHHT (40 minutes each, 5 cycles of 5-min hypoxia/3-min hyperoxia, target SpO2 80-85%, excluding weekends and holidays)
Other: Intermittent Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Training (10 days)
Ten daily sessions using HYPO-OXY-1 (OXYTERRA) device
Sham Comparator: Arm 3: Control
Participants receive 10 daily sessions of breathing gas mixture with constant O2 21% for 40 minutes (excluding weekends and holidays)
Other: Normoxic gas breathing
Ten daily sessions of breathing gas mixture with constant O2 21%

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in fasting glucose level (mmol/L) from baseline to 30±3 days after intervention completion
Time Frame: Baseline, day 30
Fasting glucose will be measured after 8-12 hours of fasting using immunoturbidimetric method (Architect 8000C analyzer)
Baseline, day 30
Change in HbA1c (%) from baseline to 30±3 days after intervention completion
Time Frame: Baseline, day 30
HbA1c will be measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Lifotronic H8 analyzer
Baseline, day 30

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI)
Time Frame: Baseline, day 17-19, day 30
Baseline, day 17-19, day 30
Change in flow-mediated vasodilation (%)
Time Frame: Baseline, day 17-19, day 30 post-intervention
Baseline, day 17-19, day 30 post-intervention
Change in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure
Time Frame: Baseline and 30±3 days post-intervention
Baseline and 30±3 days post-intervention
Change in quality of life by SF-36
Time Frame: Baseline, day 17-19, and 30±3 days post-intervention
SF-36 is a 36-item patient-reported survey measuring health-related quality of life across 8 domains. Each domain is scored on a 0-100 scale, where higher scores indicate better quality of life.
Baseline, day 17-19, and 30±3 days post-intervention
Change in cognitive function by MoCA scale
Time Frame: Baseline, day 17-19, and 30±3 days post-intervention
Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores range from 0-30, with scores ≥26 considered normal cognitive function
Baseline, day 17-19, and 30±3 days post-intervention
Change in anxiety and depression by HADS
Time Frame: Baseline, day 17-19, and 30±3 days post-intervention
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale assesses anxiety and depression separately, each scored 0-21, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity
Baseline, day 17-19, and 30±3 days post-intervention
Change in biological age
Time Frame: Baseline and 30±3 days post-intervention
Baseline and 30±3 days post-intervention
Change in 6-minute walk test distance (meters)
Time Frame: Baseline and 30±3 days post-intervention
Baseline and 30±3 days post-intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Chair: Marina I Smirnova, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Svetlana A Berns, MD, Prof., National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Principal Investigator: Oksana M Drapkina, MD, Prof., National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Alexandr Yu Gorshkov, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Mikhail G Chashchin, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Liubov Lifanova, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Andrey I Korolev, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Diana N Antipushina, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Lidia N Ryuzhakova, PhD, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Elena N Ignatikova, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Svetlava Voinova, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Olga Zhdanova, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Ailina M Zhulaushinova, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
  • Study Chair: Alexandr V Emelyanov, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 15, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
June 15, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 15, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
February 21, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 4, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
May 7, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
May 7, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 4, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • EFIR_0309_2025

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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