The Effect of Intravenous Injection Training Based on the ARCS-V Model on Levels of Learning Motivation and Self-Efficacy

July 10, 2026 updated by: Tubay Bozkurt, Ataturk University

The Effect of Intravenous Injection Training Based on the ARCS-V Model on Nursing Students' Learning Motivation and Self-Efficacy Levels: A Mixed-Methods Study

Intravenous (IV) administration, one of the most fundamental and common practices carried out by nurses, is defined as the administration of medication directly into the circulatory system via a vein. Intravenous administration is one of the key clinical skills that must be performed using the correct technique. Supporting students' motivation to learn plays a significant role in the effective acquisition of this skill. The ARCS-V motivation model, which aims to enhance motivation during the teaching process, comprises the dimensions of attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction and action. This study aims to investigate the effect of intravenous administration training based on the ARCS-V model on nursing students' levels of motivation and academic self-efficacy. The study will be conducted using a mixed-methods design incorporating both a randomised controlled trial and qualitative research methods. In the study, the experimental group will receive IV administration training structured according to the ARCS-V model, whilst the control group will be taught using the traditional teaching method. For the collection of quantitative data in this study, the "Demographic Information Form", the "Motivation Scale for Teaching Materials (ÖMMÖ)", the "Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (AÖÖ)" and the "Volition to Learn Scale (VFLS)" will be used. For the collection of qualitative data in the study, a "Semi-Structured Interview Form" will be used to determine the experiences of students in the experimental group regarding the learning process, and an audio recorder will be used to record the data. Whilst the quantitative data obtained will be analysed using statistical methods, the qualitative data will be evaluated through content analysis. It is anticipated that the findings of this research will demonstrate that teaching based on the ARCS-V model contributes to clinical skills training by supporting students' active participation in the learning process, as well as their motivation and will to learn.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
76

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • To be a student enrolled on the Turkish-language programme at the Faculty of Nursing,
  • Be aged 18 or over,
  • Have Turkish as your first language,
  • Be a first-year student,
  • Not be a student on an exchange programme such as Erasmus,
  • Be taking the 'Fundamentals of Nursing' course for the first time,
  • Not have previously received training in intravenous procedures
  • Not to have been absent during the period when research data will be collected, Not to hold a secondary school, foundation year or undergraduate degree in any health-related field

Exclusion Criteria:

  • The desire not to take part in any stage of the research or to withdraw from the research

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
No Intervention: Traditional Teaching Group
traditional teaching
Experimental: ARCS-V Initiative Group
ARCS-V Model Teaching
Other: ARCS-V Model Teaching
Teaching Intravenous Injection Techniques Based on the ARCS-V Model

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Teaching Material Motivation Scale (TMMS)
Time Frame: Assessments will be carried out at three time points. 1st assessment: before the training, 2nd assessment: one week after the training, as the final test, 3rd assessment: one week after the final test
Teaching Material Motivation Scale (TMMS): The Teaching Material Motivation Scale (TMMS) was developed based on Keller's (2009) ARCS Model and adapted into Turkish by Dinçer and Doğanay. The scale consists of 33 items designed to assess motivation towards teaching materials and covers four dimensions: attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction. The original scale comprises 36 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scale have been reported as 0.96 overall; 0.89 for the attention dimension; 0.81 for the relevance dimension; 0.90 for the trust dimension; and 0.92 for the satisfaction dimension. Assessment is carried out using a 5-point Likert-type scale, with a total score range of 33 to 165; an increase in score is interpreted as an increase in motivation levels. The scale's score ranges are classified from very low (33-37) to very high (161-165).
Assessments will be carried out at three time points. 1st assessment: before the training, 2nd assessment: one week after the training, as the final test, 3rd assessment: one week after the final test
Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (AÖÖ)
Time Frame: Assessments will be carried out at three time points. 1st assessment: before the training, 2nd assessment: one week after the training, as the final test, 3rd assessment: one week after the final test
Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (AÖÖ): Adapted into Turkish by Yılmaz, Gürçay and Ekici (2007). Developed as a four-point Likert-type scale, it has a unidimensional structure and consists of seven items. Scores on the scale range from 7 to 28, with higher scores indicating a higher level of academic self-efficacy. In the Turkish adaptation study, the scale's Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was reported as 0.79.
Assessments will be carried out at three time points. 1st assessment: before the training, 2nd assessment: one week after the training, as the final test, 3rd assessment: one week after the final test

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Ataturk University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
July 15, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
September 15, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 26, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
July 1, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 7, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
July 9, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 13, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 10, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • B.30.2.ATA.0.01.TB

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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