Changes in Depression and Esthetic Perception After Orthognathic Surgery

July 15, 2026 updated by: Elif Çoban, Kırıkkale University

Evaluation of Changes in Depressive Symptom Levels and Subjective Esthetic Perception in Patients With Different Types of Malocclusion Following Orthognathic Surgery

This study aims to evaluate changes in depressive symptoms and subjective esthetic perception before and after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in patients with different types of malocclusion. The study will analyze anonymized clinical data and questionnaire responses to assess the impact of orthognathic surgery on psychological well-being and esthetic perception.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Detailed Description

This prospective observational study aims to investigate changes in depressive symptoms and subjective esthetic perception in patients with different types of malocclusion undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Participants will be evaluated before surgery and during the postoperative follow-up using validated assessment questionnaires.

The study will analyze anonymized data obtained from routine clinical records and patient-reported questionnaires. Variables to be collected include age, sex, occupation, educational level, social media use, and patients' subjective perceptions of esthetics and depressive symptoms. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the psychological and esthetic outcomes associated with orthognathic surgery and may help optimize patient evaluation and treatment planning.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
18

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Kırıkkale
      • Kirikkale, Kırıkkale, Turkey (Türkiye), 71450
        • Recruiting
        • Kırıkkale University Faculty of Dentistry
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Elif Çoban, DDS

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population will consist of adult patients aged 18-40 years with different types of malocclusion who are scheduled to undergo bimaxillary orthognathic surgery at the Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University. Eligible participants will be evaluated 1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery using validated patient-reported outcome measures assessing depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and orthognathic quality of life.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adults aged 18 to 40 years.
  • Individuals without systemic diseases.
  • Patients with an indication for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.
  • Patients who complete the study questionnaires 1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery.
  • Individuals who use at least one of the following social media platforms: Instagram, WhatsApp, Snapchat, X, TikTok, or Telegram.
  • Individuals who provide written informed consent to participate in the study.
  • Patients scheduled to undergo treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients without an indication for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery or those undergoing single-jaw surgery only.
  • Individuals with systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or thyroid disorders).
  • Patients with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder.
  • Patients with a history of previous orthognathic surgery.
  • Patients scheduled to undergo additional esthetic procedures (e.g., genioplasty, botulinum toxin injection, or dermal filler treatment).
  • Individuals who decline to participate or do not provide written informed consent.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Skeletal Class I Malocclusion
Participants with skeletal Class I malocclusion undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Changes in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, esthetic perception, and orthognathic quality of life will be evaluated before and after surgery.
Skeletal Class II Malocclusion
Participants with skeletal Class II malocclusion undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Changes in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, esthetic perception, and orthognathic quality of life will be evaluated before and after surgery.
Skeletal Class III Malocclusion
Participants with skeletal Class III malocclusion undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Changes in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, esthetic perception, and orthognathic quality of life will be evaluated before and after surgery.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in Depressive Symptoms
Time Frame: 1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery

Change in depressive symptom scores measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) between the preoperative assessment (1 week before surgery) and the postoperative assessment (6 months after surgery).

BDI-II is a 21-item self-report instrument used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale from 0 to 3, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 63. Higher total scores indicate greater severity of self-reported depressive symptoms. BDI-II total scores are interpreted as follows: 0-13 indicates minimal, 14-19 mild, 20-28 moderate, and 29-63 severe levels of depressive symptoms.
1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery
Change in Quality of Life
Time Frame: 1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery

Change in quality of life measured using the Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) between the preoperative assessment (1 week before surgery) and the postoperative assessment (6 months after surgery).

OQLQ is a 22-item self-report instrument developed to assess the impact of dentofacial deformities on patients' quality of life. Each item is scored on a scale from 0 to 4, where a score of 0 indicates that the relevant condition does not bother the patient, while higher scores reflect increasing levels of concern. The item scores are summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 to 88. Higher total scores indicate a greater negative impact of dentofacial deformity on quality of life and, consequently, poorer quality of life, whereas lower scores indicate better quality of life.
1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery
Change in Self-Esteem
Time Frame: 1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery

Change in self-esteem scores measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) between the preoperative assessment (1 week before surgery) and the postoperative assessment (6 months after surgery).

RSES is a 10-item self-report instrument developed to assess individuals' global self-esteem and overall sense of self-worth. The scale consists of five positively worded and five negatively worded items, with responses rated on a four-point scale. In the Turkish version adapted by Çuhadaroğlu, responses are evaluated using a Guttman-based scoring system, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 6. Higher total scores indicate lower levels of self-esteem, whereas lower scores indicate higher levels of self-esteem. Total scores are interpreted as follows: 0-1 indicates high, 2-4 moderate, and 5-6 low levels of self-esteem.
1 week before surgery and 6 months after surgery

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Kırıkkale University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Elif Çoban, DDS, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Dentistry

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
June 20, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
June 20, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
July 20, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
July 9, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 9, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
July 14, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 16, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 15, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • Decision No: 2026.06.35

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

De-identified individual participant data, including demographic characteristics, social media usage, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) scores, and Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) results, will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author after publication of the study results.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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