Effect of Chickpea Protein Hydrolysate Supplementation on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Plasma Markers During a Football Tournament: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial (PROVERDE)
Evaluation of New Disruptive Technologies (Steam Explosion) in the Design of Tailor-made Plant Protein Hydrolysates Applied to Sport Nutrition (PROVERDE)
Study Overview
Status
Status
Conditions
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
The study was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover nutritional intervention conducted in football players during the competitive season. Participants were randomly allocated to one of two intervention sequences, with allocation balanced according to playing position.
During the first four-week intervention period, one sequence received the experimental beverage containing chickpea protein hydrolysate, whereas the other sequence received a matched placebo beverage. This was followed by a two-week washout period. During the second four-week intervention period, the treatments were crossed over so that each participant received the alternative beverage. A further two-week washout period was included after the second intervention.
On training days, the experimental beverage was consumed 2-4 hours before training at a dose providing 0.2 g protein/kg body weight and approximately 30 minutes after training at a dose providing 0.3 g protein/kg body weight. The placebo beverage followed the same administration schedule and was designed to have a similar appearance and taste and the same protein content, but from a different protein source.
Blood sampling, dietary assessment, and anthropometric measurements were scheduled at baseline and during the intervention and washout periods. The study evaluated biochemical markers related to protein and hepatic metabolism, hematological parameters, glucose and insulin, antioxidant status, inflammatory biomarkers, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, muscle damage markers, adverse events, dietary intake, and body composition.
Study Type
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Enrollment
Phase
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Andalusia
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Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain
- Ciudad Deportiva Bahía de Cádiz
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-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
- Child
- Adult
- Older Adult
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Football player belonging to one of the participating professional, semiprofessional, or amateur football teams.
- Regular participation in the team's training sessions and matches.
- Considered healthy based on medical history, biochemical assessment, body composition, lifestyle assessment, and dietary evaluation.
- Ability and willingness to comply with the study procedures and beverage consumption schedule.
- Provision of written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Presence of chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, or metabolic syndrome.
- Overweight, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment.
- Abnormal biochemical test results considered clinically relevant by the research team.
- Known allergy to chickpea.
- Use of medication or nutritional supplements during the four weeks preceding enrollment.
- Current smoking.
- Participation in another similar study during the previous three months.
- Completion of less than 75% of the scheduled training sessions or matches during the study.
- Failure to consume 100% of the assigned study beverage.
- Any circumstance that, in the opinion of the research team, could impair participation or compliance with the study procedures.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Other
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
- Masking: Double
Number of Arms
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / ArmParticipant Group / Arm |
Intervention / TreatmentIntervention / Treatment |
|---|---|
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Experimental: Chickpea Protein Hydrolysate Followed by Maltodextrin Placebo
Participants received the chickpea protein hydrolysate beverage for four weeks, followed by a two-week washout period.
They subsequently received the maltodextrin placebo beverage for four weeks, followed by a final two-week washout period.
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A powdered beverage containing chickpea protein hydrolysate was reconstituted in water before consumption.
On training days, participants consumed a dose providing 0.2 g protein/kg body weight 2-4 hours before training and 0.3 g protein/kg body weight approximately 30 minutes after training.
The intervention was administered for four weeks during the corresponding study period.
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Experimental: Maltodextrin Placebo Followed by Chickpea Protein Hydrolysate
Participants received the maltodextrin placebo beverage for four weeks, followed by a two-week washout period.
They subsequently received the chickpea protein hydrolysate beverage for four weeks, followed by a final two-week washout period.
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A maltodextrin-containing placebo beverage designed to resemble the chickpea protein hydrolysate beverage in appearance and taste.
The placebo was administered according to the same timing schedule as the experimental beverage for four weeks during the corresponding study period.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
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Number of Participants With Adverse Events During Each Intervention Period
Time Frame: During the first 4-week intervention period and the second 4-week intervention period, up to Week 10
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The number of participants reporting one or more adverse events during consumption of the chickpea protein hydrolysate beverage or the maltodextrin placebo beverage was recorded.
Adverse events included any unfavorable symptom or clinical event reported by a participant or identified by the research team during the intervention periods.
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During the first 4-week intervention period and the second 4-week intervention period, up to Week 10
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Change in Circulating Interleukin-6 Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Interleukin-6 concentration was measured using a commercial immunoassay.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Circulating Interleukin-8 Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Interleukin-8 concentration was measured using a commercial immunoassay.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in C-Reactive Protein Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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CRP concentration was measured using a commercial immunoassay.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Creatine Kinase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Kinase activity was measured in fasting blood samples.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the value at the end of the 4-week phase minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
Changes during the chickpea protein hydrolysate and maltodextrin placebo phases were compared within participants.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity was measured in fasting blood samples.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the value at the end of the 4-week phase minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
Changes during the chickpea protein hydrolysate and maltodextrin placebo phases were compared within participants.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Myoglobin Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Myoglobin Concentration was measured in fasting blood samples.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the value at the end of the 4-week phase minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
Changes during the chickpea protein hydrolysate and maltodextrin placebo phases were compared within participants.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Antioxidant Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity was measured in fasting blood samples.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the value at the end of the 4-week phase minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
Changes during the chickpea protein hydrolysate and maltodextrin placebo phases were compared within participants.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Glutathione Peroxidase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity was measured in fasting blood samples.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the value at the end of the 4-week phase minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
Changes during the chickpea protein hydrolysate and maltodextrin placebo phases were compared within participants.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Glutathione Reductase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Glutathione Reductase Activity was measured in fasting blood samples.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the value at the end of the 4-week phase minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
Changes during the chickpea protein hydrolysate and maltodextrin placebo phases were compared within participants.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Serum Creatinine Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Alanine Aminotransferase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Activity
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
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Change in Red Blood Cell Count
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Red Blood Cell Count was measured in fasting blood samples as part of the predefined biochemical and hematological safety assessment.
For the crossover comparison, the change during each intervention phase was calculated as the end-of-phase value minus the corresponding phase-specific baseline value.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Hemoglobin Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Hematocrit
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Mean Corpuscular Volume
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Red Cell Distribution Width
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Total Leukocyte Count
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Neutrophil Count
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Lymphocyte Count
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Monocyte Count
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Eosinophil Count
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Basophil Count
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Platelet Count
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Mean Platelet Volume
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Serum Urea Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Blood Urea Nitrogen Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Total Protein Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Total Bilirubin Concentration
Time Frame: Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Baseline and Weeks 4, 6, 10, and 12; the primary crossover comparison used the phase-specific changes from Weeks 0 to 4 and Weeks 6 to 10.
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Change in Fasting Glucose Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Fasting Insulin Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Total Cholesterol Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Triglyceride Concentration
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Other Outcome Measures
Other Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
|---|---|
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Change in Body Mass
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Body Mass Index
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Body Fat Percentage
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of each 4-week intervention period, corresponding to Weeks 0, 4, 6, and 10.
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Change in Daily Energy Intake
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Change in Daily Carbohydrate Intake
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Change in Daily Protein Intake
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Change in Daily Fat Intake
Time Frame: Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
|
Phase-specific baseline and end of intervention period, corresponding to Week 10.
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Sponsor
Collaborators
Collaborators
Investigators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Justo Javier Pedroche Jiménez, PhD, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- Principal Investigator: María Soledad MS Fernández Pachón, PhD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide
- Principal Investigator: José Antonio JA González Jurado, PhD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide
- Principal Investigator: Noelia María NM Rodríguez Martín, PhD, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Alcala-Santiago A, Toscano-Sanchez R, Marquez-Lopez JC, Gonzalez-Jurado JA, Fernandez-Pachon MS, Garcia-Villanova B, Pedroche J, Rodriguez-Martin NM. The Synergic Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D and Chickpea Protein Hydrolysate in THP-1 Cells: An In Vitro Approach. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Nov 25;25(23):12628. doi: 10.3390/ijms252312628.
- Rodriguez-Martin NM, Marquez-Lopez JC, Gonzalez-Jurado JA, Millan F, Pedroche J, Fernandez-Pachon MS. The immunomodulatory potential of chickpea protein hydrolysate via ROS and NO pathways. Biomed Pharmacother. 2025 Jan;182:117794. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117794. Epub 2024 Dec 24.
- Rodriguez-Martin NM, Marquez-Lopez JC, Cerrillo I, Millan F, Gonzalez-Jurado JA, Fernandez-Pachon MS, Pedroche J. Production of chickpea protein hydrolysate at laboratory and pilot plant scales: Optimization using principal component analysis based on antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2024 Mar 30;437(Pt 1):137707. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137707. Epub 2023 Oct 18.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Primary Completion
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Completion
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
First Posted
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Posted
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
Other Study ID Numbers
- PID2019-111368RB-I00 (Other Identifier: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Plan Nacional)
- IDI-20200562 (Other Identifier: Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI))
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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