Botulinum Toxin A (Botox) in Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction

Botulinum Toxin A in Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

Each year, the number of breast cancer survivors who choose post-mastectomy breast reconstruction keeps rising. Among women who elect to pursue breast reconstruction, approximately 75% will choose prosthetic breast reconstruction. Implant-based breast reconstruction is frequently achieved in two-stages. The first stage consists of the placement of a tissue expander after mastectomy. This is followed by a period of biweekly tissue expansions that can last several months. In the second stage, the tissue expander is removed in a surgical procedure and replaced with a permanent breast implant. Tissue expansion is a well-established breast reconstruction technique characterized by high success rates and high patient satisfaction. Despite the well-recognized advantages of this successful breast reconstruction technique, the subpectoral placement of a tissue expander is associated with significant pain and discomfort in the immediate post-operative period and during the phase of tissue expansion. Pectoralis major muscle spasm is a frequently reported problem during tissue expansion. Legeby et al. recently showed that women who underwent prosthetic breast reconstruction had higher pain scores and took more analgesics that those who did not choose post-mastectomy reconstruction.

In the past 10 years, publications on the use of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) for pain relief in a wide array of clinical conditions have increased tremendously. BTX-A is one of the neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. By reversibly inhibiting neurotransmitter release, BTX-A has both analgesic and paralytic properties. The analgesic action of BTX-A was initially thought to be related to its effects on muscular contraction. However, a recent in vitro study of embryonic rat dorsal neurons did confirm that BTX-A inhibits release of substance P, a neurotransmitter associated with pain and inflammatory reactions. The presence of analgesic properties of BTX-A is increasingly supported by several clinical observations: pain relief with BTX-A injections has been reported for migraine headaches, chronic pelvic, chronic tennis elbow, and post-operative pain control for lower limb lengthening correction, among others.

This aspect has never been studied in breast cancer survivors who elect to pursue breast reconstruction with tissue expanders. Furthermore, physical function outcomes are important to consider with BTX-A use because the link between temporary muscle paralysis and improvements in participation in daily activities is not a given.

The investigators propose to complete a double-blinded prospective randomized controlled trial of women undergoing unilateral and bilateral mastectomies with immediate placement of tissue expanders, to establish the efficacy and safety of BTX-A in alleviating pain and in improving physical well-being during the expansion period.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Neoplasms; Pain, Postoperative; Breast Cancer; Breast Diseases; BRCA1 Mutation; BRCA2 Mutation
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Botulinum Toxin Type A; Drug: Placebo

Detailed Description

Consecutively enrolled eligible women will be randomized into one of two different treatment groups: 1) Group receiving BTX-A, and 2) Group receiving a placebo. All consenting subjects will be randomized to receive either a single injection of 100 units of BTX-A, or a placebo (saline water), during surgery in the pectoralis major muscle on the operated side once the mastectomy and the breast reconstruction have been completed. Expected duration of subject participation is 4 months.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 131
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Minnesota
    • Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905
      • Mayo Clinic

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Women at least 18 years of age, who will undergo immediate unilateral or bilateral tissue expander breast reconstruction following therapeutic skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy
• Women at least 18 years of age, who will undergo immediate bilateral tissue expanders breast reconstruction following risk-reduction (prophylactic) skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects who are unable to read or speak English
• Breast reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi flap combined with a tissue expander
• Documented diagnosis of chronic pain, upper limb spasticity, cervical dystonia, axillary hyperhidrosis, strabismus or blepharospasm
• Hypersensitivity to any botulinum toxin preparation or to any of the components in the formulation
• Infection at the proposed site of injection
• Pre-existing neuromuscular disorders (including diagnosed myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
• Aminoglycosides intake at the time of surgery (these antibiotics can potentiate the effect of BTX-A)
• Women who are pregnant or breast feeding
• Presence of breast implants from previous breast surgery
• Reported use of Botox within 4 months prior to planned surgical date

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Group A - Botulinum Toxin Type A; 100 Units of Botulinum toxin A diluted in 5 mL 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in the pectoralis major muscle in each operated breast	Drug: Botulinum Toxin Type A; Other Names: BOTOX
Placebo Comparator: Group B - Placebo; 5 mL 0.9% NaCl injection to the pectoralis major muscle in each operated breast	Drug: Placebo; 5 mL 0.9% NaCl solution to mimic Botulinum Toxin Type A; Other Names: Sodium chloride solution

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change From Baseline in Average Pain Scores Using a Numeric Pain Intensity Scale	The numeric pain intensity scale (NPIS) will be completed at the preoperative visit and again at the first postoperative visit. The NPIS is a visual analog scale (VAS) commonly used to assess clinical pain. Subjects are asked to rate their pain on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable.	preoperative visit, first postoperative visit (1-2 weeks post surgery)
Physical Well-Being Using the BREAST-Q, Reconstruction Module	The Physical Well-Being scale of the BREAST-Q, Reconstruction module, will be used for this purpose. The BREAST-Q is a validated patient-reported outcome measure to accurately assess quality of life and patient satisfaction. The Reconstruction module Physical Well-Being scale has questions on the function and participation in activities before and after breast reconstruction. For this study, subjects were asked to answer 16 questions on how often they experienced each symptom, using score of 1 to 5, where 1 was none of the time and 5 was very often. Answers from these questions were combined to provide a total physical well-being score (for a total possible range of 16-80) for each patient at each visit. Lower scores reflected fewer symptoms and higher satisfaction where higher scores reflected more symptoms and less satisfaction.	first post-operative visit (1-2 weeks post surgery)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Initial Intraoperative Fill Volume in Milliliters (mL)	The amount of initial intraoperative fill volume in milliliters (mL) in the tissue expander at the time of surgery divided by the manufacturers recommended total tissue expander volume will be measured. Each breast will be measured separately.	Single intra-operative measurement at first surgery
Number of Tissue Expansion Visits	The total number of tissue expansion visits completed post-operatively.	up to 24 weeks post-operatively
Total Volume of Tissue Expansion	Measurement of total expansion volume in milliliters (mL).	Up to 24 weeks post-operatively
Rate of Reconstruction Failure	The rate of reconstruction failure will be measured by the number of subjects who have tissue expander removal.	6 months after first surgery

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Mayo Clinic
• Collaborators: Allergan
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Valerie Lemaine, MD, Mayo Clinic

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• Mayo Clinic Clinical Trials

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 18, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): July 18, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 13, 2012
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 2, 2012
• First Posted (Estimate): May 4, 2012

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 10, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 17, 2019
• Last Verified: September 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Quality of Life; Breast reconstruction; Mastectomy; Acellular dermal matrix; Mammaplasty; Tissue expansion; Botulinum toxins, Type A
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Skin Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Pain, Postoperative; Breast Diseases; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Cholinergic Agents; Membrane Transport Modulators; Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors; Neuromuscular Agents; Botulinum Toxins; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; abobotulinumtoxinA
• Other Study ID Numbers: 11-001687

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No