Kansas University DHA Outcome Study (KUDOS) Follow-Up

This is a continuation study to KUDOS (NCT00266825). The purpose of this study is to follow-up with participants on the original study to determine if the effects of increasing DHA intake during pregnancy increase cognitive development in 2 to 6 year-old children.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pregnancy
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Placebo Capsule; Drug: DHA

Detailed Description

Numerous trials show benefits of postnatal DHA supplementation for visual acuity. There are also numerous observational(not intervention)studies that link higher maternal DHA status during pregnancy to higher cognitive function. Intervention studies that increase DHA exposure during fetal life and that measure cognitive development of infants are lacking; and no study to date has systematically followed children whose mothers were randomly assigned to DHA supplementation to school age with regular 6 month assessments of age-appropriate assessments of cognitive development. The absence of such studies is a serious limitation because there is evidence that differences in cognitive function due to such interventions do not become robust until around age 4 years. Women in the US consume low amounts of DHA compared to other world populations, and this likely means less DHA transfer to the fetus than in many other populations. Prenatal DHA exposure may be more important than postnatal exposure, because animal studies show critical windows for brain DHA accumulation in relation to effects on neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 190
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Kansas
    • Kansas City, Kansas, United States, 66160
      • University of Kansas Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 35 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant females 16.0-35.0 years of age (inclusive) at 8-20 weeks gestation at enrollment (date/ultrasound)
• Agree to consume study capsules from enrollment until delivery
• Agree to return to the study center for delivery
• BMI < 40
• No serious illnesses (e.g., cancer, diabetes, lupus, hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, not HIV positive)
• Available by telephone

Exclusion Criteria:

• Less than 16 or greater than 35 years of age
• BMI < 40
• Serious illness such as cancer, lupus, hepatitis, sexually transmitted disease or HIV positive
• Expecting multiple infants
• Diabetes or gestational diabetes at baseline
• Elevated blood pressure due to any cause
• Not planning to return to the study center for delivery
• Gestational age at baseline < 8 weeks or >20 weeks
• Unable or unwilling to agree to consume capsules until delivery
• Unable to provide informed consent in English

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Placebo Comparator: Placebo Capsule	Drug: Placebo Capsule; 600 mg of Soybean Oil and Corn Oil, which does not contain any DHA
Experimental: DHA Capsule	Drug: DHA; 600 mg DHA capsule; Other Names: docosahexaenoic acid

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition; Full Scale IQ	The Full Scale IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's general intellectual ability based upon assessments of verbal, cognitive, and performance domains. At three years the Full Scale IQ score has a range of 41 (poorest performance) to 155 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 40 to 160. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	36 Months
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition; Full Scale IQ	The Full Scale IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's general intellectual ability based upon assessments of verbal, cognitive, and performance domains. At three years the Full Scale IQ score has a range of 41 (poorest performance) to 155 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 40 to 160. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	48 Months
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition; Full Scale IQ	The Full Scale IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's general intellectual ability based upon assessments of verbal, cognitive, and performance domains. At three years the Full Scale IQ score has a range of 41 (poorest performance) to 155 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 40 to 160. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	72 Months
Cognitive Function Score - Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test	The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition provides a standardized assessment of a person's receptive vocabulary. The Standard Score can range from 40 (poorest performance) to 160 (best performance) and has been normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	60 Months
Cognitive Function Score - Test of Preschool Early Literacy	The Test of Preschool Early Literacy provides a standardized Early Literacy Index score, a measure of general, early literacy skills that relate to later reading and writing skill acquisition. The score is based on assessments of vocabulary, print knowledge, and phonological awareness. The score can range from 40 (poorest performance) to 144 (best performance) and has been normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	42 Months
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition; Verbal IQ	The Verbal IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's verbal ability based upon assessments of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reasoning. At three years the Verbal IQ score has a range of 49 (poorest performance) to 150 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 46 to 155. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	36 Months
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition; Verbal IQ	The Verbal IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's verbal ability based upon assessments of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reasoning. At three years the Verbal IQ score has a range of 49 (poorest performance) to 150 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 46 to 155. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	48 Months
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition; Verbal IQ	The Verbal IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's verbal ability based upon assessments of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reasoning. At three years the Verbal IQ score has a range of 49 (poorest performance) to 150 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 46 to 155. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.	72 Months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Adaptive Regulation Assessment	The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.	36 Months
Adaptive Regulation Assessment	The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.	48 Months
Adaptive Regulation Assessment	The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.	60 Months
Adaptive Regulation Assessment	The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.	72 Months

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	2 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	2.5 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	3 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	2 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	3.5 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	4 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	4.5 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	5 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	5.5 years
Anthropometrics: Weight-for-age	Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).	6 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	2.5 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	3 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	3.5 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	4 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	4.5 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	5 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	5.5 years
Anthropometrics: Height-for-Age	Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.	6 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	2 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	2.5 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	3 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	3.5 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	4 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	4.5 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	5 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	5.5 years
Anthropometrics: Body Mass Index-for-age	Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.	6 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	2 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	2.5 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	3 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	3.5 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	4 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	4.5 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	5 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	5.5 years
Anthropometrics: Head Circumference-for-age	Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.	6 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	2 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	2.5 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	3 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	3.5 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	4 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	4.5 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	5 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	5.5 years
Dietary Intake	Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.	6 years
Systolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	4 years
Systolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	4.5 years
Systolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	5 years
Systolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	5.5 years
Systolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	6 years
Diastolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	4 years
Diastolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	4.5 years
Diastolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	5 years
Diastolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	5.5 years
Diastolic Blood Pressure	Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	6 years
Heart Rate	Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	4 years
Heart Rate	Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	4.5 years
Heart Rate	Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	5 years
Heart Rate	Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	5.5 years
Heart Rate	Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.	6 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Susan Carlson, PhD
• Collaborators: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Susan E Carlson, PhD, University of Kansas Medical Center

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Colombo J, Shaddy DJ, Gustafson K, Gajewski BJ, Thodosoff JM, Kerling E, Carlson SE. The Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study (KUDOS) clinical trial: long-term behavioral follow-up of the effects of prenatal DHA supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 May 1;109(5):1380-1392. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz018.
• Kerling EH, Hilton JM, Thodosoff JM, Wick J, Colombo J, Carlson SE. Effect of Prenatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Children With Overweight Condition or Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):e190088. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0088.

Helpful Links

• Main KUDOS Study Posting on Clinicaltrials.gov

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: July 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 18, 2012
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 30, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): July 1, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 7, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 29, 2018
• Last Verified: January 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: DHA; childhood development
• Other Study ID Numbers: 11406; 1R01HD047315 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No