The Effects of a High Protein Breakfast on Appetite and Sleep in Young Adults

May 17, 2017 updated by: Heather Leidy, Purdue University
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of breakfast skipping (SKIP) vs. the consumption of a high protein solid (HP-S) breakfast vs. the consumption of a high protein beverage (HP-B) breakfast on daily appetite control, food cravings, food intake, and sleep quality in young adults.

Study Overview

Status

Suspended

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Young adults will consume the following breakfasts (in randomized order) for 7 days/pattern: 350kcal HP breakfasts (30g protein) in solid or beverage form or will skip breakfast. During the breakfast treatment periods, the participants will be provided with isocaloric breakfast meals containing 34% protein (30g protein), 40% CHO, and 26% fat. The participants will consume these meals each day throughout each of the 7 day testing periods. During the breakfast skipping treatment period, the participants will skip breakfast every morning with nothing to eat or drink (besides water) until 12:00 pm. During the acclimation days (i.e., days 1-6), participants will eat their breakfasts at home or work or simply skip the morning meal. An actigraph (to assess key indices of sleep) will be continuously worn and sleep diaries will be completed for all 7 testing days. During the afternoon of Day 3, the participant will arrive at the University of Missouri-Physical Activity and Wellness Center (MU-PAW) and fitted with a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) measure glycemic control over the next 3 days. On day 6, the participant will complete hourly appetite questionnaires, consume a standardized dinner meal, and complete a salivary sample prior to sleep onset (sleep related hormones). On the 7th day of each pattern, the participants will report to the MU-PAW in the morning to complete the respective testing day. The participants will begin the testing day by either skipping breakfast or consuming their respective breakfast meal. Blood samples, salivary samples, and assessments of perceived appetite will be collected/completed at specific times throughout the day. Prior to lunch, a brain scan will be completed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify bain activation patterns in response to food pictures. Following the fMRI, the participants will be provided with an a standardized lunch. The participants will then complete the remainder of the testing day. An ad libitum food buffet will be provided for the participants to consume after their departure at home throughout the remainder of the day. . They will continue to wear the actigraph and eat/drink from the ad libitum packout cooler until going to bed that evening. Lastly, participants will complete a salivary sample and sleep diary immediately before bed. Between days 8-10, the participants will return all testing day equipment and the packout cooler, including all empty wrappers and any uneaten foods. A 3-7 day washout period will occur between patterns in which the participant will return to their habitual (i.e. pre-study) breakfast behaviors. Study outcomes include morning, mid-day, afternoon, and evening appetite, satiety, pleasure, perceived energy/sleepiness, hormonal responses (plasma glucose, insulin, ghrelin, PYY, melatonin, and cortisol concentrations), sleep indices (i.e total sleep time, sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality), brain activation patterns, evening energy intake, and daily energy intake.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

13

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Missouri
      • Columbia, Missouri, United States, 65211
        • University of Missouri

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

20 years to 32 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • age 20-32y
  • BMI 22-30kg/m2
  • non-smoker, non-user of tobacco products
  • generally healthy (as assessed by Medical History Questionnaire)
  • right-handed (fMRI requirement)
  • not pregnant or lactating in the past 6 months
  • not clinically diagnosed with and eating disorder
  • no metabolic, hormonal, and/or neural conditions/diseases/medications that influence metabolism or food intake
  • no known bleeding disorders
  • not currently or previously (In the past 6 months) on a weight loss or other special diet
  • no weight loss/gain (>10lbs) in the past 6 months
  • normal cognitive restraint, as assessed by a score of <4 on the Three Factors Eating Habits Questionnaire (TFEQ)
  • rating of ≥ 5 illustrating a minimum of "neither like nor dislike" on a 9-point hedonic scale rating for the study breakfasts
  • not clinically diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia and does not participate in shiftwork

Exclusion Criteria:

  • The potential participants will be excluded if they do not meet the inclusion criteria.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: HP-Beverage Breakfast
For 7 days, the participants will consume high protein beverage breakfast meals each morning. These meals will consist of shakes and will be 350 kcal. The macronutrient composition of these meals will contain 30 g of dietary protein, 35g CHO, and 10g fat. The HP-S and HP-B meals will be matched for energy density, sugar content, macronutrient content and types of proteins.
Behavioral: HP-Beverage Breakfast
Participants will consume high protein beverage (shake) breakfast meals each morning.
Experimental: HP-Solid Breakfast
For 7 days, the participants will consume high protein solid breakfast meals each morning. These meals will consist of traditional solid breakfast meals and will include commonly consumed breakfast foods (e.g., burritos, waffles, etc.) and will be 350 kcal. The macronutrient composition of these meals will contain 30 g of dietary protein, 35 g CHO, and 10 g fat. The HP-S and HP-B meals will be matched for energy density, sugar content, macronutrient content and types of proteins.
Behavioral: HP-Solid Breakfast
Participants will consume high protein solid (traditional food items) breakfast meals each morning.
Experimental: Breakfast Skipping
For 7 days, the participants will skip the morning meal. No food or calorie-containing beverages will be consumed before 12pm on acclimation days and no food consumed until ~5h post habitual breakfast time on testing day 7.
Behavioral: Breakfast Skipping
Participants will skip breakfast each morning.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Hunger
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of hunger will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely."
4 weeks
Fullness
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of fullness will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely."
4 weeks
Prospective Food Consumption
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of prospective food consumption will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely."
4 weeks
Motivation to Eat
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of motivation to eat will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely."
4 weeks
Hedonic Ratings (pleasure)
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of hedonic pleasure will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely."
4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Objective Sleep Status - Total Sleep Time
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of sleep status and habits will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will wear armband accelerometers / actigraphs to measure objective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Objective Sleep Quality
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of sleep status and habits will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will wear armband accelerometers / actigraphs to measure objective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Objective Sleep Efficiency
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of sleep status and habits will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will wear armband accelerometers / actigraphs to measure objective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Objective Sleep and Circadian Patterns - Salivary Cortisol
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of sleep status and habits salivary sampling will be completed on days 6 and 7 of each study arm to assess sleep related hormones (cortisol).
4 weeks
Objective Sleep and Circadian Patterns - Salivary Melatonin
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of sleep status and habits salivary sampling will be completed on days 6 and 7 of each study arm to assess sleep related hormones (melatonin).
4 weeks
Subjective Sleep Quality - Mood
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Subjective Sleep Quality - Energy
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Subjective Sleep Quality - Arousal
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Subjective Sleep Quality - Awakenings
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters.
4 weeks
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Brain Activation Responses
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Brain activation responses will be assessed prior to lunch in each of the 3 testing days (separated by 2 weeks). During the fMRI brain scan procedure, the participants will focus on a set of photographs which will be projected onto a screen and easily viewed through a mirror. The fMRI paradigm incorporates stimuli from three categories of pictures including food, nonfood (animals), and blurred baseline images. Brain activation in the Insula, Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Parahippocampus will be examined when viewing food vs. animal pictures.
4 weeks
Evening / Dinner Energy Intake - Calories
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Energy intake during dinner and evening snacks of each testing day will be measured in calories consumed.
4 weeks
Evening / Dinner Energy Intake - Macronutrients or food categories
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Energy intake during dinner and evening snacks of each testing day will be measured as macronutrient or food category (i.e. amount of food consumed as protein, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, fiber).
4 weeks
Evening / Dinner Energy Intake - Food Choice
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Energy intake during dinner and evening snacks of each testing day will be measured as types of foods consumed (i.e. foods typically consumed as snacks, protein-rich foods, high carbohydrate/high fat convenience foods).
4 weeks
Appetite and Satiety Hormones (i.e., Ghrelin, PYY)
Time Frame: 4 weeks
10 total blood samples will be drawn throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). Specifically, there will be seven 5 ml samples and three 9 ml samples; ~62 ml/testing day. The samples will be collected in test tubes containing EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Protease inhibitors will be added to the sample to reduce protein degradation. Samples will be centrifuged at -4°C for 10 minutes. The plasma will then be separated and stored in microcentrifuge tubes at -80°C for future analysis. Appetite related hormones will be measured (ex. plasma total ghrelin and total PYY).
4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Purdue University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Heather J Leidy, PhD, Purdue University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

June 1, 2016

Primary Completion (Anticipated)

December 1, 2017

Study Completion (Anticipated)

May 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

January 17, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 21, 2017

First Posted (Estimate)

January 25, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

May 19, 2017

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 17, 2017

Last Verified

May 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2005823 HS

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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