Modifying (Phase I) and Evaluating (Phase II) Virtual Reality Job Interview Training for Youth in Transition

The unemployment rate is quite high among adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inadequate transition planning during high school and gaps between vocational needs and availability of evidence-based services help explain the struggles of transition-age youth at obtaining employment. There is a paucity of research on developing and evaluating services to support the transition to the work force after graduating from high school. The lack of available resources to support transition-age youth with an ASD speaks to the need to develop interventions that ameliorate obstacles to employment and help support the transition to the work force. Due to the social deficits characterizing ASD innovative interventions could target preparing job interview skills for students facing the transition to employment as the job interview is a critical gateway to securing a job offer. Thus, the overarching goal of this study is to modify an existing virtual reality job interview skills training program for use in high school students with ASD and to test the feasibility and effectiveness of conducting this intervention in a high school setting via a small controlled trial. Thus, study's first aim is to modify the existing 'Virtual Reality Job Interview Training' program to meet the specific needs of high school seniors with ASD. This will accomplish this by conducting in depth interviews with high school students with ASD and their vocational counselors to solicit feedback to modify the current training's learning goals, content, usability, and simulated interview scripts to meet the specific needs of transition age youth. An expert panel will determine the final modifications to the training program based on the results of the qualitative data analysis and their own views of the program. Second aim of the study is to conduct a pilot trial to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, portability, fidelity and preliminary effectiveness of the modified intervention in a randomized controlled trial. This study will also explore potential mechanisms for effectiveness and collect pilot implementation data.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Virtual Reality Job Interview Training; Behavioral: Services as Usual

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 71
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Michigan
    • Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109-1106
      • University of Michigan

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 21 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. 16-26 years old and enrolled in high school or post-high school transition programming;
2. Educational Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using the Social Responsivity Scale 2nd Edition28, or a diagnosis of cognitive impairment, emotional disability, educational impairment or other health impairment according to the students Individualized Education Plan (IEP). They may have diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder as indicated in their IEP/school plan, or as indicated by a parent;
3. Fluency in English with at least a 3rd grade reading level (confirmed with the Wide Range Achievement Test);
4. Currently receiving transitional services as specified in IEP or other;
5. Willing to be video-recorded; and
6. Willing and able to provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Has an uncorrected hearing or visual problem that prevents him or her from using the training.
2. Has a medical illness that compromises their cognition (for example, moderate to severe traumatic brain injury)

Inclusion and exclusion criteria is subject to PI discretion. Some students may still be enrolled after discussion with the teacher if it is determined that they still might be able to participate despite matching exclusion criteria, or not meeting all of the inclusion criteria. These cases will be documented and reported to IRB.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Services as usual + Virtual Reality Job Interview Training; In addition to the services as usual comparator, participants will participate in Virtual Reality Job Interview Training.	Behavioral: Virtual Reality Job Interview Training; Students will engage in didactic training related to strategies to perform well during a job interview as well as repeated practice with a virtual hiring manager. Throughout and after completion of the virtual interviews, participants will receive feedback on their performance.; Behavioral: Services as Usual; Study participants will be receiving their community-based or school-based services as usual that may include but is not limited to vocational skill training, daily living skill training, and social skill training.
Active Comparator: Services as Usual; Study participants will be receiving their community-based or school-based services as usual that may include but is not limited to vocational skill training, daily living skill training, and social skill training.	Behavioral: Services as Usual; Study participants will be receiving their community-based or school-based services as usual that may include but is not limited to vocational skill training, daily living skill training, and social skill training.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Job Interview Skills	Interviewing skills will be measured using a role-play measure in which subjects act out one job interview scenario with trained actors. Interviews will be video recorded and scored. There is one mock interview and pre-test and one mock interview at post-test. The method of assessment is the job interview skills rating scale as measured by the Mock Interview Rating Scale, which has 14 items with each item ranging from 1 (Unlikely) to 7 (Very Likely). Possible scores range from 14 to 98, with higher scores indicating better interview skills.	Collected at Pre-Test and Post-Test visits (within approximately 1 month of active treatment)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Job Interview Self-Efficacy	9 item self-report consisting of 11 items on a 5-point Likert-type scale, with 1 indicating "Not at all" and 5 indicating "Very True". The range of scores is from 11 to 55, with higher scores indicating more self-efficacy/motivation to complete job interviews, which is a better outcome.	Collected at Pre-Test and Post-Test visits (within approximately 1 month of active treatment)
Change in Job Interview Anxiety	15 item self-report using a modified version of the brief Personal Report of Public Speaking Apprehension (PRSPA; McCroskey, 1970). After reviewing the brief PRSPA, we selected and reframed 10 items using a three point Likert-type scale (0 = "not at all," 1 = "sometimes," and 2 = "often"). Higher scores indicated higher anxiety, and scores could range from 0 to 26.	Collected at Pre-Test and Post-Test visits (within approximately 1 month of active treatment)
Competitive Employment	Obtained a part-time or full-time community-based job as completed via a self-report measure yes/no question. This survey could have been completed by either participants themselves, parents, or teachers.	Collected at pre-test and at 6 months after completing Post-Test Visit

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Depressive Symptoms	Participants self-reported level of depressive symptoms at pre-test and post-test using the brief version of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (b-MFQ; Angold et al., 1995). The measure include 13 items on a scale of 0 to 2, with a total range of 0 to 26. Scores of 12 or greater suggest clinical depression, so higher scores indicate higher depressive symptoms, which is a negative outcome.	Collected at Pre-Test and Post-Test visits (within approximately 1 month of active treatment).

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Michigan
• Collaborators: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); University of Wisconsin, Madison; SIMmersion, LLC
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Matthew Smith, PhD, University of Michigan

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): October 1, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 19, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 1, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): May 2, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 22, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 19, 2023
• Last Verified: June 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Other Study ID Numbers: HUM00129575; 5R34MH111531-03 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No