Effect of Dietary Protein and Energy Restriction in the Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Subjects With Obesity

The prevention of obesity and its main medical complications, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, have been become a health priority. One of the most frequent metabolic complications in obesity is the insulin resistance and is the most important risk factor for the development of coronary diseases. The weight loss induced by the restriction of dietary energy is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity, as it improves or even regularizes insulin sensitivity and related comorbidities. However, weight loss induced by diet also decreases lean tissue mass, which could result in adverse effects on physical function. Although, regularly recommended to increase protein intake during weight loss, there is evidence to suggest that high protein intake could have deleterious metabolic effects. On the other hand, there is an association between the type of protein consumption, mainly the concentration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and insulin resistance during the dietary energy restriction in the therapy of obesity. There are multiple factors that influence the concentration of BCAAs and insulin resistance, which can be by phenotypic or genetic modification. The phenotypic modification refers to race, sex and dietary pattern. Meanwhile, the genetic modification refers to the activity of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of BCAAs and genetic variants, such as the polymorphisms of a single nucleotide of said enzymes. A randomized controlled trial will be conducted with 160 participants (80 women and 80 men) divided by a draw in 4 groups, each for 20 participants. A feeding plan will be assigned according to the distribution of proteins (standard or high) and type of protein (animal or vegetable). The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on the amount and type of dietary protein and energy restriction on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity in a period of 1 month, considering the main factors that influence the concentration of BCAAs. In this way, evidence will be provided on what type of dietary intervention is most convenient for weight loss in subjects with insulin resistance and obesity.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity; Insulin Resistance
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Normoprotein diet with animal protein; Dietary supplement: Normoprotein diet with vegetable protein; Dietary supplement: High-protein diet with animal protein; Dietary supplement: High-protein diet with vegetable protein

Detailed Description

STUDY PROGRAM The study will consist of a previous examination and 4 visits during the follow-up period.

Previous visit: pre-admission (Duration approximately 40 minutes)

1. Participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be selected. These will be captured through advertising.
2. Participants will be informed of the characteristics of the study, the risks and the benefits expected after the dietary intervention.
3. Anthropometric and body composition measurements will be made.
4. History of food frequency
5. A blood sample will be taken for the determination of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, creatinine and urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum.
6. The consent letter will be signed by the participants. Subsequently according to the previous visit if insulin resistance is diagnosed according to the HOMA index (IR-HOMA), The patient will be included in the visit one of the research protocol.

Visit one:

a) Nutritional assessment (Ambulatory Patient Unit)

1. A clinical-nutritional history
2. The determination of anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and waist circumference and body composition by bioimpedance.
3. Resting energy expenditure will be determined by indirect calorimetry
4. A glucose tolerance curve will be performed for 2 hours to determine the area under the insulin and glucose curve and determination of the insulinemic and glycemic indexes.
5. A whole blood sample will be taken for the determination of the serum concentration of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, c reactive protein (CRP), insulin, leptin, and plasma amino acid profile.
6. A sample will be taken to isolate leukocytes, for the determination of the expression of enzymes related to branched-chain amino acids in leukocytes (BCAT and BCKDH).
7. The physical activity questionnaire will be carried out (IPAQ long version). The patient will be advised not to change the level of habitual physical activity
8. Patients will start consuming the diet corresponding to their group. The different menus will be delivered and explained to the patients.

7. A food guide will be given so that they have food exchange options. 8. You will be taught to fill the feed log. 9. Patients will be cited within a week.

Visit two:

1. A 24-hour dietary record.
2. Food logs will be collected and new ones will be delivered.
3. They will be given and explained the corresponding treatment menus.
4. They will be summoned in a week.

Visit three:

1. A 24-hours dietary record
2. Food logs will be collected and new ones will be delivered.
3. They will be given and explained the corresponding treatment menus.
4. They will be summoned in a week.

Visit four:

a) Nutritional assessment

1. The determination of anthropometric measurements such as weight, waist circumference and body composition measurement will be made by means of bioimpedance.
2. The resting energy expenditure will be determined by indirect calorimetry.
3. A glucose tolerance curve will be carried out for 2 hours to determine the area under the insulin and glucose curve and determination of the insulinemic and glycemic indexes.
4. A whole blood sample will be taken to determine the serum concentration of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, c-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, leptin, adiponectin and plasma amino acid profile.

6. There will be a 24-hour reminder. 7. The physical activity questionnaire will be carried out (IPAQ long version). The patient will be advised not to change the level of habitual physical activity.

8. Full feed logs will be collected. 9. It will be scheduled within fifteen days for delivery of results. Actions that will be carried out at the end of the study to maintain the continuity of the treatment

All patients after the end of the study, will be cited at 15 days where:

1. You will be given the results

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 80
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Mexico
  • Mexico City, Mexico, 14060
    • Martha Guevara Cruz

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years to 60 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults (men and women) between the ages of 18 and 60.
• Patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 and ≤ 50 kg / m2) and with insulin resistance (HOMA - IR Index ≥ 2.5).
• Mexican mestizos (parents and grandparents born in Mexico).
• Patients who can read and write.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with any type of diabetes.
• Patients with kidney disease diagnosed by a medical or with creatinine> 1.3 mg / dL for men and > 1.1 mg / dL for women and / or BUN> 20 mg / dL.
• Patients with acquired diseases that produce obesity and diabetes secondarily.
• Patients who have suffered a cardiovascular event.
• Patients with weight loss > 3 kg in the last 3 months.
• Patients with any catabolic diseases.
• Gravidity status
• Positive smoking
• Treatment with any medication

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Other: Normoprotein diet with animal protein; The patient will intake the diet assigned for a month	Dietary supplement: Normoprotein diet with animal protein; Each patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with percentage of standard protein (12-18%) with a predominance of animal protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).
Other: Normoprotein diet with vegetable protein; The patient will intake the diet assigned for a month	Dietary supplement: Normoprotein diet with vegetable protein; Each patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with percentage of standard protein (12-18%) with a predominance of vegetable protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).
Other: High-protein diet with animal protein; The patient will intake the diet assigned for a month	Dietary supplement: High-protein diet with animal protein; Each patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with high-protein percentage (25-35%) with a predominance of animal protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).
Other: High-protein diet with vegetable protein; The patient will intake the diet assigned for a month	Dietary supplement: High-protein diet with vegetable protein; ach patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with high-protein percentage (25-35%) with a predominance of vegetable protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Resistance insulin	Change in the index HOMA-IR. The HOMA IR index will be calculated by the following equation: glucose (mg / dl) x insulin (mUI / ml) / 405 before and after of dietary intervention	Baseline to 1-month

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Amino acid profile	Change in the concentration of the amino acid profile, mainly of branched chain amino acids	Baseline to 1-month
Change in body composition	Change in fat mass, lean mass and skeletal muscle mass percentage	Baseline to 1-month
Change in body weight	change in body weight before and after of dietary intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in waist circumference	Change in waist circumference before and after of dietary intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in grip strength	Change in grip strength before and after the intervention by dynamometry	Baseline to 1-month
Change in respiratory quotient	The respiratory coefficient will be determined by indirect calorimetry	Baseline to 1-month
Change in glucose serum	The concentration of serum glucose will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in total cholesterol serum	The concentration of serum total cholesterol will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in HDL cholesterol serum	The concentration of serum HDL-cholesterol will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in triglycerides serum	The concentration of serum triglycerides will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in LDL cholesterol serum	The concentration of serum LDL cholesterol will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in free fatty acids serum	The concentration of free fatty acids will be determined before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change liver function tests	The concentration of serum liver enzymes will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in concentration of leptin serum	The concentration of serum leptin will be determined by ELISA kit before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in concentration of adiponectin serum	The concentration of serum adiponectin will be determined by ELISA kit before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in the concentration of C-reactive protein	The concentration of serum C- reactive protein will be determined by autoanalyzer before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure	the blod pressure will be determined before and after the intervention	Baseline to 1-month
Change of the HOMA index according to the presence or absence of polymorphism related to the metabolism of branched chain amino acids (rs11548193 and rs45500792).	HOMA (IR-HOMA) which is calculated glucose (mg / dl) x insulin (mUI / ml) / 405 before and after of dietary intervention	Baseline to 1- month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Martha Guevara-Cruz, Dr, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Kirk EP, Klein S. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2009 Dec;11(12):761-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2009.00054.x.
• Klein S. Outcome success in obesity. Obes Res. 2001 Nov;9 Suppl 4:354S-358S. doi: 10.1038/oby.2001.142.
• Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Brinkworth GD. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Dec;96(6):1281-98. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044321. Epub 2012 Oct 24.
• Leidy HJ, Clifton PM, Astrup A, Wycherley TP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Woods SC, Mattes RD. The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;101(6):1320S-1329S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084038. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
• Samson MM, Meeuwsen IB, Crowe A, Dessens JA, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. Relationships between physical performance measures, age, height and body weight in healthy adults. Age Ageing. 2000 May;29(3):235-42. doi: 10.1093/ageing/29.3.235.
• Phillips SK, Rook KM, Siddle NC, Bruce SA, Woledge RC. Muscle weakness in women occurs at an earlier age than in men, but strength is preserved by hormone replacement therapy. Clin Sci (Lond). 1993 Jan;84(1):95-8. doi: 10.1042/cs0840095.
• Brehm BJ, D'Alessio DA. Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Oct;15(5):416-21. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e328308dc13.
• Smith GI, Yoshino J, Stromsdorfer KL, Klein SJ, Magkos F, Reeds DN, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Protein Ingestion Induces Muscle Insulin Resistance Independent of Leucine-Mediated mTOR Activation. Diabetes. 2015 May;64(5):1555-63. doi: 10.2337/db14-1279. Epub 2014 Dec 4.
• Krebs M, Krssak M, Bernroider E, Anderwald C, Brehm A, Meyerspeer M, Nowotny P, Roth E, Waldhausl W, Roden M. Mechanism of amino acid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes. 2002 Mar;51(3):599-605. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.3.599.
• Robinson MM, Soop M, Sohn TS, Morse DM, Schimke JM, Klaus KA, Nair KS. High insulin combined with essential amino acids stimulates skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis while decreasing insulin sensitivity in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Dec;99(12):E2574-83. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2736.
• Linn T, Geyer R, Prassek S, Laube H. Effect of dietary protein intake on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Nov;81(11):3938-43. doi: 10.1210/jcem.81.11.8923841.
• Sluijs I, Beulens JW, van der A DL, Spijkerman AM, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33(1):43-8. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1321. Epub 2009 Oct 13.
• Tinker LF, Sarto GE, Howard BV, Huang Y, Neuhouser ML, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Beasley JM, Margolis KL, Eaton CB, Phillips LS, Prentice RL. Biomarker-calibrated dietary energy and protein intake associations with diabetes risk among postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec;94(6):1600-6. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018648. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
• Rietman A, Schwarz J, Tome D, Kok FJ, Mensink M. High dietary protein intake, reducing or eliciting insulin resistance? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;68(9):973-9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.123. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
• Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2013 Apr 15;12:48. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-48.
• Schooneman MG, Vaz FM, Houten SM, Soeters MR. Acylcarnitines: reflecting or inflicting insulin resistance? Diabetes. 2013 Jan;62(1):1-8. doi: 10.2337/db12-0466. No abstract available.
• Hattersley JG, Pfeiffer AF, Roden M, Petzke KJ, Hoffmann D, Rudovich NN, Randeva HS, Vatish M, Osterhoff M, Goegebakan O, Hornemann S, Nowotny P, Machann J, Hierholzer J, von Loeffelholz C, Mohlig M, Arafat AM, Weickert MO. Modulation of amino acid metabolic signatures by supplemented isoenergetic diets differing in protein and cereal fiber content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Dec;99(12):E2599-609. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2302.
• Lynch CJ, Adams SH. Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Dec;10(12):723-36. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.171. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
• Serralde-Zuniga AE, Guevara-Cruz M, Tovar AR, Herrera-Hernandez MF, Noriega LG, Granados O, Torres N. Omental adipose tissue gene expression, gene variants, branched-chain amino acids, and their relationship with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in humans. Genes Nutr. 2014 Nov;9(6):431. doi: 10.1007/s12263-014-0431-5. Epub 2014 Sep 27.
• Gonzalez-Salazar LE, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Vigil-Martinez A, Granados-Portillo O, Guizar-Heredia R, Flores-Lopez A, Medina-Vera I, Heredia-G-Canton PK, Hernandez-Gomez KG, Castelan-Licona G, Arteaga-Sanchez L, Serralde-Zuniga AE, Avila-Nava A, Noriega-Lopez LG, Reyes-Garcia JG, Zerrweck C, Torres N, Tovar AR, Guevara-Cruz M. Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2021 Aug;60(5):2435-2447. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02428-5. Epub 2020 Nov 3.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 3, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 8, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 8, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): August 13, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 29, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 27, 2020
• Last Verified: September 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Overweight; Body Weight; Hyperinsulinism; Obesity; Insulin Resistance
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2373

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No