Evaluation of Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Fractional-dose Inactivated Polio Vaccine (fIPV) Given Intradermally With Double Mutant Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Heat Labile Toxin (dmLT) Adjuvant

Phase I Evaluation of the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Fractional-dose Inactivated Polio Vaccine (fIPV) Given Intradermally With Double Mutant [LT(R192G/L211A)] Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Heat Labile Toxin (dmLT) Adjuvant

Polio is a serious disease that can cause paralysis and death. It is caused by a virus and can be prevented by vaccine. The World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Polio Eradication Initiative is trying to get rid of all polio disease around the world. Researchers want to help by testing a new vaccine.

In many countries, people are vaccinated with oral polio vaccine (OPV) given by mouth during childhood. OPV is good at giving immunity (protection from polio) in the body and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Immunity in the GI tract is called mucosal immunity. The downsides of using OPV are that it can be shed into the environment in people's feces after vaccination where it can infect people who are not vaccinated, and it can cause paralysis in 2-4 of every one million children vaccinated with OPV. The United States (U.S.) stopped giving any OPV to people for vaccinations in the 1990's. Since then, a polio vaccine called inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is given as an injection for routine childhood immunizations in the U.S. You cannot get polio infection from IPV and it will not be shed into the environment.

In 2016, the WHO started a plan to help other countries gradually get rid of OPV. The downside of using IPV by itself is that, unlike OPV, it doesn't give enough mucosal immunity to protect people living in places where there is still polio. There are also supply shortages of IPV, which is a problem if there are outbreaks of polio. For the supply of IPV to help more people, it is safe and effective to use a tiny dose of IPV injected under the top layer of skin (intradermal or ID injection) rather than getting the full dose in the muscle. This is called a fractional dose of IPV, or fIPV.

To help stop using OPV globally, a better fIPV vaccine is needed. fIPV vaccine needs a substance to help stimulate a mucosal immune response. dmLT is a substance that has been shown to stimulate a mucosal immune response. It has been shown to be safe and effective in both humans and animals, both by itself and when given with other vaccines.

This study will test a mixture of fIPV-dmLT given intradermally (under the outer layer of the skin). This is the first study done in humans to give this combination intradermally. The IPV vaccine has already been approved by the FDA. The fIPV-dmLT vaccine has not been approved by the FDA.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Polio
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: dmLT; Biological: fIPV

Detailed Description

This single site study conducted at The University of Vermont will enroll 30 healthy male and female adult volunteers aged 18-45 years with no history of oral polio vaccination for a Phase I randomized controlled double-blind trial evaluating the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a single dose of fIPV-dMLT versus a single dose of fIPV administered intradermally. Study volunteers will be screened with eligible volunteers enrolled who will randomized to receive a single dose of fIPV-dmLT or fIPV (2:1) on study day 0. The primary study objective is to determine the safety and reactogenicity of a single dose of adjuvanted fIPV-dmLT vaccine in healthy adults, as assessed by the frequency of systemic and local injection site adverse reactions (ARs) defined as vaccine-related adverse events (AEs), graded by severity, occurring within 28 days of dosing. Secondary objectives are to determine the safety of a single dose of adjuvanted fIPV-dmLT vaccine in healthy adults, as assessed by the percentage of subjects with at least one vaccine-related serious adverse event (SAE) occurring within 28 days of dosing. In addition, the systemic immune response to a single dose of vaccine in healthy adults, as assessed by poliovirus-specific serum neutralizing antibody responses in fIPV-dmLT recipients versus fIPV only recipients will be examined.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 29
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Vermont
    • Burlington, Vermont, United States, 05405
      • University of Vermont

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years to 41 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult male or female age 18-45 years, inclusive
2. Signed informed consent form prior to initiation of any study activity
3. Good general health as determined by review of medical history and physical exam
4. Agrees to complete all study visits and procedures for the duration of the study
5. Receipt of childhood vaccine series of Inactivated Polio Vaccine with verification of immunization record. American College of Immunization Practices (AICP) required that OPV use be discontinued by January 2000. Therefore, polio vaccines given after January 2000 in the U.S. are known to be IPV. If the documentation is unclear of the type of polio vaccine given between 1998 and 2000, additional confirmation of the type should be attempted to determine eligibility.
6. Agrees to storage of specimens for future research
7. Females of child bearing potential only: willing to use effective contraception from the following reliable methods through the first 28 days of the study: hormonal birth control, condoms with spermicide, diaphragm with spermicide, surgical sterilization, and intrauterine device. All female subjects will be considered as having childbearing potential except for those who have had a hysterectomy or tubal ligation or have no internal female organs. Transgender men who have internal female organs will be considered of childbearing potential and should be willing to use effective contraception during the trial. Exception: females who have sex with females (exclusively) and have no intention of conceiving a child during the study will not be required to use contraception.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of receipt of any oral polio vaccine. Subjects will be required to present their childhood immunization record during the screening process. Subjects will be excluded if the immunization record indicates receipt of any dose of oral polio vaccine or if only 'polio vaccine' is listed on the record without specifying whether oral or inactivated polio vaccine was administered.
2. Currently lactating, breastfeeding or pregnant.
3. Clinical laboratory values ≥ Grade 2 on hematology or comprehensive metabolic panel, as defined in this protocol.
4. Febrile illness (≥38.0°C (100.4°F) or acute gastroenteritis within 48 hours prior to administration of IP
5. History of antimicrobial treatment in the 2 weeks before administration of IP
6. Receipt of a live vaccine within 28 days or a killed vaccine within 14 days prior to inoculation, or anticipated receipt of any vaccine during the 28 days following inoculation.
7. History of a severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis
8. History of Guillian-Barre Syndrome
9. Known history of hypersensitivity to any component of IPV to include: 2-phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin B
10. Self-reported or suspected immunodeficiency, or receipt of immunosuppressive therapy within the preceding 6 months, or long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy. An immunosuppressive dose of corticosteroids (excluding topical or nasal) is defined as >10 mg of prednisone equivalent per day for >14 days.
11. Asplenia
12. Receipt of blood products within the past 6 months, including transfusions or immunoglobulin, or anticipated receipt of any blood products or immunoglobulins during the 28 days following inoculation
13. Anticipated receipt of any investigational agent in the 28 days before or after receipt of investigational product
14. Abnormal routine bowel habits as defined by fewer than three stools per week in the past 6 months
15. Regular use (weekly or more often) of laxatives, anti-diarrheal, anti-constipation, or antacid therapy
16. Evidence of clinically significant neurologic, cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, rheumatologic, autoimmune, or renal disease based on history and physical exam. This includes any chronic medical condition (examples include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular and renal diseases).
17. Behavioral, cognitive, or psychiatric disease that, in the opinion of the investigator, affects the subject's ability to understand and cooperative with the requirements of the study protocol.
18. Any other condition that, in the opinion of the study clinician, would jeopardize the safety or rights of a subject participating

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: fIPV-dmLT; fractional-dose inactivated polio vaccine (fIPV) given intradermally with double mutant [LT(R192G/L211A)] Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant	Biological: dmLT; double mutant [LT(R192G/L211A)] Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (dmLT); Biological: fIPV; fractional-dose inactived polio vaccine
Active Comparator: fIPV; fractional-dose inactivated polio vaccine (fIPV) given intradermally	Biological: fIPV; fractional-dose inactived polio vaccine

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
frequency of systemic and local injection (safety and reactogenicity)	frequency of systemic and local injection site adverse reactions (ARs) defined as vaccine-related adverse events (AEs), graded by severity	Events occuring within 28 days of dosing

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
percentage of subjects with at least one serious adverse event (secondary-safety)	percentage of subjects with at least one serious adverse event (SAE) occurring within 28 days of dosing will be summarized with severity, relationship to vaccine, and outcome	Events occuring within 28 days of dosing
Systemic immunogenicity	Proportion of participants showing at least a 4-fold boost in polio-specific serum neutralizing antibodies compared to baseline (Day 0) in fIPV-dmLT recipients vs. fIPV alone	Any timepoint up to day 28 post-vaccination

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Vermont
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Kelly Cowan, M.D., University of Vermont

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Crothers JW, Ross Colgate E, Cowan KJ, Dickson DM, Walsh M, Carmolli M, Wright PF, Norton EB, Kirkpatrick BD. Intradermal fractional-dose inactivated polio vaccine (fIPV) adjuvanted with double mutant Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (dmLT) is well-tolerated and augments a systemic immune response to all three poliovirus serotypes in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine. 2022 Apr 26;40(19):2705-2713. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.056. Epub 2022 Mar 30. Erratum In: Vaccine. 2022 May 31;40(25):3481.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 19, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 18, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): June 4, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 16, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 16, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): April 19, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 5, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 4, 2020
• Last Verified: August 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); double mutant [LT(R192G/L211A)] Enterotoxigenic E coli heat toxin (dmLT); fractional-dose inactivated polio vaccine (fIPV)
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Neuromuscular Diseases; Central Nervous System Infections; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections and Mycoses; Enterovirus Infections; Picornaviridae Infections; Spinal Cord Diseases; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Myelitis; Poliomyelitis; Escherichia coli Infections
• Other Study ID Numbers: CHRMS 19-0048

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No