The Soy Treatment Evaluation for Metabolic Health (STEM) Trial

Role of Soy for Metabolic Health: The Soy Treatment Evaluation for Metabolic Health (STEM) Trial

Strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) have become one of the leading public health targets to address the epidemics of obesity and diabetes. National food, nutrition, and health policies and programs have positioned low-fat milk as the preferred caloric replacement strategy for SSBs. This strategy derives from evidence that replacement of SSBs with low-fat milk is associated with reductions in weight and incident diabetes in prospective cohort studies and reduces liver fat (an important early metabolic lesion linking obesity to diabetes), as well as triglycerides and blood pressure in randomized trials. Whether these benefits hold for soy milk alternatives is unclear. There is an urgent need for studies to clarify the benefits of soy milk as an alternative to cow's milk. Our overarching aim is to produce high-quality clinical evidence that informs the use of soy as a "public health intervention" for addressing the dual epidemics of obesity and diabetes and overall metabolic health. To achieve this aim, we propose to conduct the Soy Treatment Evaluation for Metabolic health (STEM) trial, a large, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of using 2% soy milk (soy protein vehicle) versus 2% cow's milk (casein and whey vehicle matched for protein and volume) as a "public health intervention" to replace SSBs on liver fat and key cardiometabolic mediators/indicators in an at risk population.

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Cardiovascular Diseases; Hypertension; Obesity; Diabetes; Overweight; Metabolic Syndrome; Dyslipidemias; PreDiabetes; Overweight and Obesity; Dysglycemia; Healthy Obesity, Metabolically; Heart Disease Risk Factors
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Soy Milk; Other: Cow's Milk; Other: Sugar Sweetened Beverages

Detailed Description

Rationale:

Soy is at a nutritional "cross-roads". On one hand, it aligns with current dietary advice to consume plant-based dietary patterns [1-6] and has proven advantages [7-9]. On the other hand, it is under threat to have its health claim for CHD risk reduction revoked [10] and is often overshadowed by dairy in public health interventions for metabolic health. Strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) have become one of the leading public health targets to address the epidemics of obesity and diabetes [10-22]. National food, nutrition, and health policies and programs have positioned low-fat milk as the preferred replacement strategy for SSBs [23-27]. This strategy derives from evidence that replacement of SSBs with low-fat milk is associated with reductions in weight and incident diabetes in prospective cohort studies [28,29] and reduces liver fat (an important early metabolic lesion linking obesity to diabetes), as well as triglycerides and BP in randomized trials [30]. Whether these benefits hold for soy milk alternatives, which have shown distinct advantages over cow's milk for intermediate metabolic outcomes [7,31-33], is unclear. There is an urgent need for studies to clarify the metabolic benefits of soy milk as an alternative to cow's milk.

Objective:

Our overarching aim is to produce high-quality clinical evidence that informs the use of soy as a "public health intervention" for addressing the dual epidemics of obesity and diabetes and overall metabolic health. To achieve this aim, we propose to conduct the Soy Treatment Evaluation for Metabolic health (STEM) trial, a large, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of using 2% soy milk (soy protein vehicle) versus 2% cow's milk (casein and whey vehicle matched for protein and volume) as a "public health intervention" to replace SSBs on liver fat and key cardiometabolic mediators/indicators in an at risk population.

Design:

The trial will be a 6-month, 2-phase, 3-arm, non-inferiority, open-label, parallel group, randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of replacing SSBs with 2% soy milk versus 2% cow's milk on the primary outcome liver fat and secondary outcomes muscle fat, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, glucose tolerance and established cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS) who are consuming ≥3 SSBs/day. The trial will be conducted according to Good Clinical Practice and reported according to CONSORT and the COSORT extension for non-inferiority trials [34]. The 3-arm design has the advantage of combing a superiority trial with a non-inferiority trial, by allowing us to test the superiority of the active (2% soy milk) and reference (2% cow's milk) treatments over the control (SSBs) and the noninferiority of the active (2% soy milk) compared with the reference (2% cow's milk) treatment simultaneously. We chose a treatment duration of 24-weeks as this was the duration over which milk was shown to reduce liver fat in replacement for SSBs [30] and is a duration that will have a meaningful impact on public health policy [35,36].

Participants:

We will include186 overweight or obese (BMI, 27-40 kg/m2) adult (age, 18-75 years) men and nonpregnant women with MetS based on modified IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAAS/IASO [37] criteria (high waist circumference [≥88cm females, ≥102cm males] plus ≥2 of 4 dysglycemia [FPG ≥5.6mmol/L], high triglycerides [≥1.7mmol/L], low HDL-C [<1.0mmol/L males and <1.3 mmol/L females], or high blood pressure [≥130/85mmHg]) who are consuming ≥3 SSBs/day. We have modified the MetS definition to require a high WC to ensure the sample is enriched with participants with NAFLD (defined as hepatic steatosis/intrahepatocellular lipid [IHCL] by 1H-MRS ≥5.0%) [38]. We anticipate > 50% of the sample will have NAFLD based on our entry criteria [38,39]. We will exclude individuals with diabetes or major illness.

Randomization:

The Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC) will perform block randomization with allocation concealment through the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) program. Following successful completion of the run-in phase, participants will be randomized into 3 groups from each strata, using random permuted blocks with unequal sizes.

Protocol:

The trial will be conducted at the CFI-funded Toronto 3D Clinical Research Centre and MRI Research Unit and at the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre at St. Michael's Hospital. Eligible participants will undergo a 4-week run-in phase prior to randomization. Participants who wish to continue will then undergo a 24-week intervention phase in which they are randomized (see above) to 1 of 3 interventions: ≥3 servings of (1) 2% soy milk (test treatment), (2) 2% cow's milk (reference treatment/positive control) or (3) their usual SSBs (negative control). All study beverages will be provided with the instruction to replace usual SSBs intake while maintaining background diets. Participants will attend clinic visits every 4-weeks for review of beverage logs, collection of study foods, and clinical assessments of weight, waist circumference [40], and blood pressure. 1H-MRS measurements and 75g oral glucose tolerance tests (75g-OGTT; World Health Organization protocol [41]) with blood samples at -30, 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes will be performed at 0 and 24 weeks as will collection of the Harvard Willett FFQ), and blood and fecal samples. Adherence biomarker samples will be collected at 0, 12, and 24 weeks.

Interventions:

The 3 interventions will consist of ≥3 servings of (1) 2% soy milk (Alpro Soya, 250mL single-serve shelf-stable packs, 100Kcal with 8g soy protein per 250mL), (2) 2% cow's milk (Organic Meadows®, 250mL, single-serve shelf-stable packs, 130Kcal with 8g casein/whey protein per 250mL), or (3) usual SSBs (355mL single-serve cans, 130-140kcal per 355mL). The participant's usual level of intake of SSBs will determine the dose (number of servings), providing a range of doses (that is, ≥ 3-servings or 24g protein for the soy and cow's milk) for dose response analyses. Although the soy and milk interventions will be matched for protein and serving size, we intentionally did not make the 3 interventions isocaloric, as the goal was to use "real-world" product substitutions.

Outcomes:

All outcome assessments will be blinded and assessed as the end value at week 24. The primary outcome will be liver fat (intrahepatocellular lipid [IHCL]) by 1H-MRS). Secondary outcomes will include change from baseline at week 24 of 75g-OGTT derived changes in insulin sensitivity (Matsuda insulin sensitivity index [ISI] [42]), beta-cell function (insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 [ISSI-2]) [43,44], and glucose tolerance (2hPG, iAUC). Exploratory outcomes will include ectopic muscle fat (intramyocellular lipid [IMCL]), continuous MetS criteria (waist circumference [WC], FPG, triglycerides [TG], HDL-C, and blood pressure [BP]), reversion of MetS (defined as a reversion to <3 of 5 IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAAS/IASO criteria [37]; diabetes incidence (Diabetes Canada 2018 FPG, 2h-PG (75g-OGTT), or HbA1c criteria), and body weight, gut microbiome diversity (16S rRNA sequencing), markers of NAFLD (liver enzymes [ALT, AST, GGT, ALP], fatty liver index (FLI) [45]), hepatic insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), inflammation (hs-CRP), uric acid, established lipid targets (LDL-C, non-HDL-C), and diet quality (Alternative Healthy Eating Index [AHEI] using the Harvard Willett FFQ [46]). Adherence outcomes will include study beverage logs and objective biomarkers of intake of soy milk (urinary isoflavonoid excretion [UIE][47]), cow's milk (dairy-derived serum fatty acids [15:0, 17:0, CLA, trans-palmitoleic acid][48]), and SSBs (isotopic ratios of 13C/12C in serum fatty acids [49]).Other post hoc exploratory outcomes will be decided based on the availability of funding.

Data Management:

The Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), St. Michael's Hospital, will manage the digital database (REDCap) securely and ensure data integrity. This independent third party data management will be an important strength, bringing a high degree of credibility to the research.

Power:

A total of 186 participants will be randomized. N=62 per group will allow us to test the non-inferiority of the active (2% soy milk) compared with the reference (2% cow's milk) treatment with a non-inferiority margin (δ) of 75% of the effect of the reference treatment on the primary outcome ntra-hepatocellular lipid (IHCL) by 1H-MRS (1.5% absolute difference in IHCL based on a 75% preserved fraction of an expected 2% absolute difference in IHCL) by difference of means [57], assuming an SD of 3%, α=0.05, 80% power (β=0.20), and 20% attrition. A 2% absolute difference in IHCL was chosen as it is the minimum mean difference associated with clinically meaningful changes in downstream glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and/or blood lipids [51-56]. A non-inferiority margin (δ) of 75% was selected based on guidance from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency [58-60]. This sample size will provide us ample power to test the superiority of the active (2% soy milk) and the reference (2% cow's milk) treatments compared with the control (SSBs) treatment assuming the same 2% absolute difference in IHCL, SD of 3%, α=0.05, 80% power (β=0.20), and 20% attrition. It will also provide us with sufficient power for superiority testing of the secondary outcomes.

Statistical analysis:

All statistical analyses will be conducted using STATA 14 (StataCorp, Texas, USA) or a suitable statistical software package on end values at week-24 . The 3-arm design of the trial is intended to test the superiority of the active (2% soy milk) and reference (2% cow's milk) treatments compared with the control treatment (SSBs) and the noninferiority of the active treatment (2% soy milk) compared with the reference treatment (2% cow's milk).

The testing of the primary outcome will be done in a stepwise manner to decrease the familywise error rate. We will first undertake superiority testing of the active treatment (2% soy milk) and the reference treatment (2% cow's milk) compared with the control treatment (SSB). The primary analysis will be conducted according to the intention to treat (ITT) principle with inverse probability weighting (IPW) [https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m2215] to account for missing values. Data will be analyzed using ANCOVA models with significance set at a p < 0.05. Adjustments will made for for age, sex, NAFLD status, medication use, intervention dose (servings/day), and baseline level. Sensitivity analyses will include completers, per protocol, and ITT with multiple imputations (MI). If superiority is established in the primary analysis (confirming the "assay sensitivity"), then we will undertake non-inferiority testing of the active (2% soy milk) compared with the reference (2% cow's milk) treatment using per protocol analysis. If the upper bound of the 90% CI is less than the 1.5% non-inferiority margin [δ] by difference of means, then the active treatment (2% soy milk) will be considered non-inferior to the reference treatment (2% cow's milk). If the upper bound of the 90% CI of the difference of means is less than both the 1.5% non-inferiority margin [δ] and the 0 value (unity), then the active treatment (2% soy milk) will be considered superior to the reference treatment (2% cow's milk). The primary analysis for non-inferiority will be a per protocol analysis. Adjustments will made for for age, sex, NAFLD status, medication use, intervention dose (servings/day), and baseline level. Sensitivity analyses will include completers, ITT with IPW and ITT with MI.

Secondary, exploratory, and adherence outcomes will be assessed by superiority testing among the active treatment (2% soy milk), reference treatment (2% cow's milk), and control treatment (SSB).By reporting all estimated effects and confidence intervals with p-values, the necessary context is provided for a proper interpretation of the statistical evidence [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108]. If it is required for a future regulatory submission, then the secondary outcomes will be adjusted for false discovery. The approach will depend on the results of the primary outcome. If the superiority testing of the primary outcome is significant, then we will analyze the secondary outcomes using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate controlling method with a starting alpha of 0.05 to correct for false discovery [80]. The sample size was selected to allow sufficient power for this analytical approach. The primary analysis will be conducted according to the intention to treat (ITT) principle with IPW to account for any missing values. Data will be analyzed using ANCOVA models for continuous data (mean differences with 95% CIs) and logistic regression models for categorical data (odds ratio with 95% CI for MetS reversion and relative risk with 95% CI for diabetes incidence). Adjustments will made for for age, sex, NAFLD status, medication use, intervention dose (servings/day), and baseline level of the end value. Sensitivity analyses will include completers, per protocol analyses, and ITT with MI.

Prespecified subgroup analyses will be conducted using Chi-square tests by age, sex, NAFLD status, caffeinated beverage use (cola vs non-cola drinkers), intervention dose (servings/day), and baseline waist circumference, FPG, 2hPG, Triglycerides, HDL-C, BP. Continuous linear (dose response gradient ) and non-linear (dose response threshold) dose-response analyses will be undertaken over the natural dose response range (3, 4, 5, or 6 servings per day) by multiple linear regression and piecewise regression analyses, respectively.

Knowledge translation:

We will follow the Ottawa model (http://www.nccmt.ca/registry/resource/pdf/65.pdf) of knowledge translation with guidance from The Keenan Research Centre - Joint Program in Knowledge Translation, a collaboration between St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 186
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C 2T2
      • Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 75 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults (age 18-75 years), men and non-pregnant women
• Overweight or obese (≥ 25 kg/m2)
• High waist circumference (USA/Canada ≥102cm in men, ≥88cm in women; Europid/Caucasian/Middle East, Mediterranean/Sub-Saharan African ≥94cm in men, ≥80cm in women; and Asian [including Japanese]/Ethnic Central and South American ≥90cm in men, ≥80cm in women[37], with a waist diameter ≤60 cm)
• Regularly drinking SSBs (≥ 1 servings/day))

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age <18 or >75 years.
• BMI <25.
• Waist circumference lower than threshold[37] (USA/Canada <102cm in men, <88cm in women; Europid/Caucasian/Middle East, Mediterranean/Sub-Saharan African <94cm in men, <80cm in women; and Asian [including Japanese]/Ethnic Central and South American <90cm in men, <80cm in women) or a waist diameter >60cm.
• Uncontrolled hypertension (or systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 110 mmHg
• Self-reported diabetes
• Not regularly drinking SSBs (<1 serving per day)
• Self-reported cow's milk or soy intolerance or allergy
• Self-reported pregnant or breast-feeding females, or women planning on becoming pregnant throughout the study period
• Self-reported weight loss of ≥10% in the last 6 months
• Complementary or alternative medicine (CAM) use as deemed inappropriate by investigators
• Self-reported Wilson's disease
• Self-reported haemochromatosis
• Self-reported inborn errors of metabolism
• Self-reported lipodystrophy
• Self-reported Cushing syndrome or disease
• Self-reported gastrointestinal disease (inflammatory bowel disease or malabsorption disorder)
• Previous bariatric surgery
• Self-reported alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, HCV, HBV, or HAV infection, or genetic causes of liver disease (Alpha-1-antitrypsin [A1A] deficiency)
• Self-reported uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
• Self-reported high risk or very high risk chronic kidney disease (CKD) (KIDIGO 2012 criteria)
• Self-reported acute or chronic infection (e.g. salmonellosis, HIV, TB)
• Self-reported chronic inflammatory conditions
• Self-reported chronic lung disease
• Self-reported chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic insufficiency
• Self-reported cystic fibrosis
• Self-reported cancer/malignancy in the last 6 months, with the exception of skin cancer
• Self-reported schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, and dissociative disorders
• Self-reported severe depression
• Self-reported major surgery in the last 6 months
• Self-reported hypopituitarism
• Self-reported hypogonadism
• Self-reported substance abuse disorder (substance dependence including alcohol or recreational drugs)
• Participation in any trials within the last 3 months or for the duration of this study
• Any condition or circumstance which would prevent you from having an MRI (e.g. pacemaker, neurostimulators, breast tissue expanders, implants, or foreign metal object in body)
• Individuals planning on making dietary or physical activity changes throughout study duration
• If self-reported medication use, it must be at a stable dose for ≥6 months.

**Disease exclusions will be based upon self-reported diagnosis**

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: 2% Soy Milk; Participants will be asked to substitute their regular sugar sweetened beverage with the 2% soy milk (up to a maximum of 6 servings/day)	Other: Soy Milk; 250 mL, single-serve shelf-stable pack (Alpro Soya) 100 Kcal, 8g of soy protein
Active Comparator: 2% Cow's Milk; Participants will be asked to substitute their regular sugar sweetened beverage with the 2% cow's milk (up to a maximum of 6 servings/day)	Other: Cow's Milk; 250 mL, single-serve shelf-stable pack (Organic Meadows) 130 Kcal, 8g of casein/whey protein
Active Comparator: Usual Sugar Sweetened Beverage; Participants will be asked to continue drinking their regular sugar sweetened beverage	Other: Sugar Sweetened Beverages; 355 mL, single-serve cans 130-140 Kcal, 0g of protein

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Liver fat	intra-hepatocellular lipid (IHCL) by 1H-MRS measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Whole body insulin sensitivity	75g OGTT derived Matsuda whole body insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda ISI) at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Beta-cell function	75g OGTT derived insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2) measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Glucose tolerance - plasma glucose AUC	75g OGTT derived plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC) measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Glucose tolerance - 2-hour plasma glucose (2h-PG)	75g OGTT derived 2-hour plasma glucose (2h-PG) measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Ectopic muscle fat	(intra-myocellular lipid [IMCL]) in calf muscles by 1H-MRS measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria : waist circumference	Waist circumference measured at weeks 0, 4, 8,12, 16, 20 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria : fasting plasma glucose	Fasting plasma glucose concentration measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria - triglycerides	Fasting serum triglycerides concentration measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria - HDL cholesterol	Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria - systolic blood pressure	Systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured at weeks 0, 4, 8,12, 16, 20 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria - diastolic blood pressure	Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measured at weeks 0, 4, 8,12, 16, 20 and 24	End value at week 24
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) reversion	Reversion to <3 of 5 IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAAS/IASO MetS criteria measured at week 24	End value at week 24
Diabetes Incidence	Incidence of diabetes (Diabetes Canada 2018 FPG, 2h-PG (75g-OGTT), or HbA1c criteria) measured at week 24	End value at week 24
body weight	Body weight measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24	End value at week 24
Microbiome diversity	Gut microbiome composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
NAFLD markers - ALT	Serum ALT concentrations measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
NAFLD markers - AST	Serum AST concentrations measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
NAFLD markers - GGT	Serum GGT concentrations measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
NAFLD markers - ALP	Serum ALP concentrations measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
NAFLD markers - Fatty liver index (FLI)	Fatty liver index (FLI) measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Hepatic insulin resistance - HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Uric acid	Serum uric acid measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Established lipid targets - LDL Cholesterol	Serum LDL Cholesterol measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Established lipid targets - non-HDL Cholesterol	Serum non-HDL Cholesterol measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Established lipid targets - total Cholesterol	Serum total Cholesterol measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Inflammation - high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)	Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Kidney function/injury - creatinine	Serum creatinine measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Kidney function/injury - eGFR	eGFR measured at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Kidney function/injury - urinary albumin excretion rate (AER)	Urinary AER measured from a 24 hour urine collection at weeks 0 and 24	End value at week 24
Diet quality - Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)	The Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) is comprised of 10 food components with each component scored on a 0 to 10 point scale and summed. where 0 is the lowest and 100 is the highest total score. Assessments will be done measured at weeks 0 and 24.	End value at week 24
Appetite	Appetite assessed by Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). The CoEQ comprises 21 items related to six sections: appetite, craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury, positive mood, perceived control over resisting a specific craved food. Items are assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales, where 0 mm is lowest and 100 mm is highest. Assessments will be done at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.	End value at week 24
Food craving control	Food craving control assessed by Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). The CoEQ comprises 21 items related to six sections: appetite, craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury, positive mood, perceived control over resisting a specific craved food. Items are assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales, where 0 mm is lowest and 100 mm is highest. Assessments will be done at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.	End value at week 24
Food craving for savoury	Food craving for savoury assessed by Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). The CoEQ comprises 21 items related to six sections: appetite, craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury, positive mood, perceived control over resisting a specific craved food. Items are assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales, where 0 mm is lowest and 100 mm is highest. Assessments will be done at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.	End value at week 24
Food craving for sweet	Food craving for sweet assessed by the Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). The CoEQ comprises 21 items related to six sections: appetite, craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury, positive mood, perceived control over resisting a specific craved food. Items are assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales, where 0 mm is lowest and 100 mm is highest. Assessments will be done at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.	End value at week 24
Perceived craving control over SSBs	Perceived craving control over SSBs assessed by the Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). The CoEQ comprises 21 items related to six sections: appetite, craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury, positive mood, perceived control over resisting a specific craved food. Items are assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales, where 0 mm is lowest and 100 mm is highest. Assessments will be done at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.	End value at week 24
Positive mood	Positive Mood assessed by Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). The CoEQ comprises 21 items related to six sections: appetite, craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury, positive mood, perceived control over resisting a specific craved food. Items are assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales, where 0 mm is lowest and 100 mm is highest. Assessments will be done at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.	End value at week 24
Adherence markers - Beverage logs	Adherence by self-report beverage logs measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24	End value at week 24
Adherence biomarkers - Objective biomarker of soy milk	Urinary isoflavonones excretion [UIE] measured at weeks 0, 12, and 24.	End value at week 24
Adherence biomarkers - Objective biomarkers of cow's milk	Dairy-derived serum fatty acids [15:0, 17:0, conjugated linoleic acid, trans-palmitoleic acid] measured at weeks 0, 12, and 24.	End value at week 24
Adherence biomarkers - Objective biomarkers of SSBs (13C/12C ratios in serum fatty acids)	13C/12C ratios in serum fatty acids measured at weeks 0, 12, and 24.	End value at week 24
Adherence biomarkers - Objective biomarkers of SSBs (urinary fructose)	urinary fructose measured at weeks 0, 12, and 24.	End value at week 24

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Toronto
• Collaborators: United Soybean Board
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: John Sievenpiper, MD,PhD,FRCPC, University of Toronto

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 2, 2021
• Primary Completion (Estimated): October 30, 2024
• Study Completion (Estimated): March 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 9, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 11, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): January 13, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 18, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 17, 2024
• Last Verified: April 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Microbiome; Dairy; Cow's milk; Metabolic health; Sugar sweetened beverages; Glucose response; Soy beverage; Soy milk
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Body Weight; Insulin Resistance; Hyperinsulinism; Lipid Metabolism Disorders; Heart Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Obesity; Metabolic Syndrome; Dyslipidemias; Overweight; Obesity, Metabolically Benign
• Other Study ID Numbers: USB/USDA - STEM trial

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No