Smartphone Addiction and Muscular Disorder

March 17, 2022 updated by: Özden Laçin, Istanbul Arel University

The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on the Musculoskeletal System

Background and aim: The use of smartphones, which has reached the level of addiction causes some physical and psychological health problems. The aim was to examine the musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremities of mobile phone addiction in a population of young adults.

Methods: The study is a cross sectional research conducted on students of a university in İstanbul between December 2018-October 2020. The level of addiction was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form (SAS-SF). The posture of participants was evaluated by New York Posture Rating Chart (NYPRC), mostly usage smartphone posture, forward head and myofascial trigger points were questioned according to Simon and Travel criteria. Mann-Whitney U test Pearson's chi-squared test were used for analyzing the data.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Myofascial Trigger Point

Intervention / Treatment

Other: EVALUATION

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

136

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

Turkey
- - Istanbul, Turkey
    - Istanbul Arel University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 25 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The participants of this study included 136 healthy students between the ages of 18 - 25 years. The study group consisted of 84 females and 52 males.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

used smartphones
volunteered to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

having any history of trauma at the neck region within the last six months,
taking any treatment for trigger points within the last 3 months
having a history of neck surgery.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Smartphone Addiction Time Frame: Baseline	Smartphone Addictive Scale - Short Form (SAS - SF) that developed by Kwan et al. (2013), was used for the assessment of smartphone addiction. The cut off value of SAS-SF are 31 for men, 33 for women (6). The Turkish translated version of the SAS - SF is a reliable, consistent and valid instrument	Baseline
Posture Time Frame: Baseline	The posture of the participants was assessed by using the New York Posture Rating Chart (NYPRC). In this evaluation method, postural changes that may occur in 13 different parts of the body (head, neck, shoulder, scapula, upper thoracic, waist, rips, abdomen, hips, knees, legs, feet and toe) are observed and scored. Each body segment was scored on the scale of; 5 (correct posture), 3 (slight deviation), or 1 (pronounced deviation). Higher points show better postural alignment	Baseline
myofascial trigger point Time Frame: Baseline	The presence of myofascial trigger points were questioned by Simon and Travel's criteria in the sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboid, infraspinatus and cervical extensor muscles. These criteria were -The presence of a tender spot in a taut band or nodules of skeletal muscle; -Subject recognition of pain upon palpation of a tender spot; -Subject referred pain pattern; -The presence of a local twitch response	Baseline
Forward head posture Time Frame: Baseline	Forward head postures of the participants were evaluated by measuring the tragus to wall distance with a tape measure. For forward head posture, the patients were measured in standing position, leaning against the back wall, in free posture	Baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Istanbul Arel University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

December 1, 2018

Primary Completion (Actual)

April 1, 2019

Study Completion (Actual)

October 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

March 8, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

March 17, 2022

First Posted (Actual)

March 29, 2022

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)