Prevalence and Risk Factors of Black Tooth Stains

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Black Tooth Stains and Their Relation With Caries Experience in Primary Teeth of A Group of Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To assess the prevalence of black tooth stains and their relation with caries experience in the primary dentition of 3-5-year-old children.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Dental Plaque
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: questionnaire and clinical examination

Detailed Description

Tooth discoloration is frequently seen by dental practitioners and is considered an aesthetic problem. There are two types of teeth discoloration; intrinsic discoloration which is related to intrinsic factors such as congenital and inherited conditions and extrinsic discoloration which occurs due to the formation of pigments on the enamel surface (Prskalo et al., 2017).

Black stain is a specific type of external tooth discoloration. It is clinically diagnosed as dark dots on the gingival third of the tooth that may coalesce and form a complete dark line following gingival contour or can also impregnate pits, fissures, and grooves (França-Pinto et al., 2012).

Black stains are a common finding in children and are seen equally in both genders (Zyła et al., 2015). When children's smiles do not fit the esthetic criteria, it can have negative social and psychological consequences causing embarrassing situations for the child, including school bullying. Their guardians may also be affected as people could judge it as bad oral health and question the care given to these children .(Fernando Pessoa, n.d.)

The etiology of black stains is multifactorial . Chromogenic anaerobic bacteria have been considered one of the etiological factors by their production of hydrogen sulfide that interacts with iron present in saliva and forms insoluble ferric sulfate which is the main component of these pigments (Elelmi et al., 2021).

Rational:

Although black stains have been considered a protective factor against caries, they are considered a common aesthetic problem. According to the systematic review of Asokan et al., 2020, there is conflicting data on the relation between tooth stains and dental caries as some studies showed a positive association between black stains and caries and other studies showed a negative association between them, and therefore, further studies are needed to completely understand the nature, risk factors of black stains and their relation with caries experience.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 320

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: menna H ali; Phone Number: 01225030867; Email: mennatallah.hesham@dentistry.cu.edu.eg
• Study Contact Backup: Name: randa Y abdel gawad, PHD; Phone Number: 01222272010

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 3 years to 5 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

A Group of Egyptian Preschool Children

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• • 3-5 years old preschool children

  • Children with primary dentition

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children whose parents refuse signing informed consent

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Prevalence of black tooth stains	measurement method : clinical examination used to asses the prevalence of black stains . unit of measurement : binary ( yes , no ) .	base line

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Risk factors of black tooth stains	measurement method : questionnaire used to asses the risk factors of black stains . unit of measurement : binary questions ( yes , no ) .	base line
caries experience	measurement method : dmf caries index used to asses the caries experience ,unit of measurement : scores .	base line

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Mennatallah Hesham Elsayed Mohamed Ali

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Elelmi Y, Mabrouk R, Masmoudi F, Baaziz A, Maatouk F, Ghedira H. Black stain and dental caries in primary teeth of Tunisian preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2021 Apr;22(2):235-240. doi: 10.1007/s40368-020-00549-3. Epub 2020 Jul 8.
• Franca-Pinto CC, Cenci MS, Correa MB, Romano AR, Peres MA, Peres KG, Matijasevich A, Santos IS, Barros AJ, Demarco FF. Association between black stains and dental caries in primary teeth: findings from a Brazilian population-based birth cohort. Caries Res. 2012;46(2):170-6. doi: 10.1159/000337280. Epub 2012 Apr 6.
• Asokan S, Varshini KR, Geetha Priya PR, Vijayasankari V. Association between black stains and early childhood caries - A systematic review. Indian J Dent Res. 2020 Nov-Dec;31(6):957-962. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_327_20.
• Fernando Pessoa, U. (n.d.). Blanche Delcourt Chromogenic bacteria in the oral cavity and social impact in pediatric dentistry-A Literature Review
• Prskalo K, Klaric Sever E, Aleric I, Antonic Jelic T, Zaja I. Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain. Acta Clin Croat. 2017 Mar;56(1):28-35. doi: 10.20471/acc.2017.56.01.05.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Anticipated): January 1, 2023
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): April 30, 2023
• Study Completion (Anticipated): May 31, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 12, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 22, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): March 31, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 30, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 26, 2022
• Last Verified: June 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: black stains
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Stomatognathic Diseases; Tooth Diseases; Dental Deposits; Dental Plaque
• Other Study ID Numbers: prevalence of BS

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No